|
Plant family | Botanical name | Local name | Part used | Growth habit | Mode of preparation/administration | Authors |
|
Acanthaceae | Justicia betonica L. | Shikuduli | Leaves | Herb | Infusion drunk | [37] |
Justicia calyculata (Deflers.) T. Anders | Apiwo, piu piu (Luo) | Aerial parts | Herb | Crushed and rubbed on the bite to facilitate removal of the “snake’s fangs” | [14, 34] |
|
Amaryllidaceae | Allium cepa L. | Kitunguu (Kamba) | Leaves, roots | Herb | Pounded and sap applied | [14] |
Ammocharis tinneana (Kotschy & Peyr.) Milne-Redh | Apap thwon pap, rabwond otenga (Luo) | Roots | Herb | Sap used in preparation of an alexiteric | [14, 34] |
|
Annonaceae | Annona senegalensis Pers. sp. senegalensis | Obolo, obolobolo (Luo) | Leaves | Tree | Crushed and rubbed on the bite. Some may be chewed, and the juice swallowed | [14, 34] |
Uvariodendron anisatum Verdc. | Ndonga | Whole plant, leaves | Shrub | Ashes applied to the bite, also used for scorpion bites | [38, 39] |
Uvaria scheffleri Diels | Mukukuma (Kamba) | Root, leaves | Shrub | Dried in the sun, pounded, and powder applied | [14] |
|
Apiaceae | Steganotaenia araliacea Hochst. | Muvuavui, kivuavui (Kamba) | Roots | Shrub | Burnt into charcoal, crushed into powder, and applied on the bite | [14, 40] |
|
Apocynaceae | Carissa spinarum L. | Mukawa (Kamba) | Leaves | Shrub | Used for treatment and has snake repellent activity | [41] |
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don | Olubinu | Leaves | Herb | Infusion drunk | [37] |
|
Asparagaceae | Sansevieria kirkii Baker | No local name given | Leaves | Herb | Sap applied on the bite wound | [40] |
Sansevieria parva N.E.Br. | Twoch bungu (Luo) | Leaves | Herb | Sap applied on the bite wound | [14, 34] |
|
Asteraceae | Bidens pilosa L. | Nyanyiek mon, onyiego (Luo) | Leaves | Herb | Crushed and rubbed on fresh cuts as an astringent, snake bite antidote, and antiseptic | [14, 34] |
Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E. Walker | Yadh asere, yadh tong’ (Luo) | Leaves | Herb | Infusion drunk for puff adder bites | [14, 34] |
Solanecio mannii (Hook. f) C. Jeffrey | Maroo, marowo (Luo), livokho | Leaves | Shrub | Crushed or chewed leaves rubbed onto the bite | [14, 34, 37] |
Tagetes minuta L. | Muvangi (Kamba) | Leaves | Herb | Crushed, soaked in water, & infusion applied on bite | [14] |
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray. | Maua madongo, akech (Luo), mula (Kamba) | Leaves | Shrub | Infusion administered orally | [14, 34] |
Vernonia glabra (Steez) Vatke | Olusia (Luo) | Leaves | Herb | Leaf ash or crushed leaves rubbed onto scarifications around the bite | [14, 34] |
|
Bignoniaceae | Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum | Lusiola, shisimbali | Leaves | Tree | Fresh leaf infusion drunk and used for cleaning snake bite wounds | [37] |
|
Burseraceae | Commiphora africana (A. Rich.) Endl. | Osilalei | Bark | Tree | Chewed | [42] |
|
Combretaceae | Combretum collinum Fresen | Adugo (Luo) | Roots | Tree | For treatments effected by scarification | [14, 34, 40] |
Combretum molle G. Don | Muama, kiama (Kamba) | Bark, roots | Tree | Infusion drunk; 2 glasses two times a day | [14] |
Combretum padoides Engl. & Diels | No local name given | Leaves | Tree | Crushed leaves are applied on the bite | [43] |
|
Convolvulaceae | Dichondra repens J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. | No Luo name given | Leaves | Herb | Rubbed on bite to “remove snake fangs” | [14, 34] |
|
Ebenaceae | Euclea divinorum Hiern | Uswet (Markweta) | Bark | Tree | Crushed & applied on incision made on the bite area. Sometimes used with of Gardenia volkensii and Plectranthus barbatus. | [44–46] |
|
Euphorbiaceae | Tragia brevipes Pax. | Kimelei ne mining (Markweta) | Roots | Shrub | Crushed and applied on incisions made on the bitten area | [44, 46] |
|
Fabaceae | Entada leptostachya Harms | Mwaitha (Kamba) | Stem | Tree | Stem crushed, sap squeezed out, and applied on the bite | [14] |
Erythrina excelsa Baker | Roko, yuoma (Luo) | Bark | Tree | Sap is used as an antidote | [14, 34] |
Erythrina abyssinica | Omutembe (Kuria), muhuti (Kikuyu) | Bark | Tree | Sap is used as an antidote | [40] |
Indigofera circinella Baker f. | Odolo (Luo) | Leaves | Herb | Poultice chewed and pasted on the bite | [14, 34] |
Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin et Barnaby | Ndege owinu, oyieko (Luo) | Roots | Tree | Used with Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. roots | [14] |
|
Lamiaceae | Fuerstia africana T.C.E. Fr. | Abunga-useke, aremo (Luo) | Leaves | Herb | Crushed and filtered infusion drank | [14, 34, 47] |
Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit | Not specified | Leaves | Herb | Infusion with Corchorus trilocularis L. is dropped or sprinkled into the eye to neutralize venom ejected into it by black-necked spitting cobra. After, the victim is scarified on the hind torso. Claims of intense pain, temporary blindness, and watery eyes were linked to this type of envenomation. | [14] |
Plectranthus barbatus Andrews | Kan’gurwet (Markweta) | Leaves | Herb | Mixed with those of Gardenia volkensii and Euclea divinorum. The powder mixture is then applied on incisions made on the bitten area. | [46] |
|
Malvaceae | Corchorus trilocularis L. | Apoth (Luo) | Leaves | Herb | Infusion with Hyptis pectinata is dropped or sprinkled into the eye to neutralize snake venom ejected into the human eye | [14, 34] |
Grewia bicolor Juss. | Esiteti (Massai), mulawa (Kamba) | Roots | Shrub | Infusion drunk | [40, 42] |
Grewia damine Gaertn. | Ositeti | Bark, branch, fruits, roots, stem | Shrub | Not specified | [48] |
Grewia fallax K. Schum. | Powo (Luo), ilawa (Kamba) | Leaves, bark | Shrub | Used in cooking envenomed carcass to prevent secondary poisoning. Bitten livestock are drenched with a decoction. Mucilaginous crushed leaves used to wipe the bitten area. | [14, 34, 40] |
Grewia truncate Mast. | Not given | Leaves | Shrub | Not specified | [40] |
Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. | Muinda nguue (Kamba) | Roots | Herb | Crushed, aqueous infusion applied on bite area | [14] |
|
Musaceae | Ensete edule (J. F. Gmel.) Horan | Kitembe (Luo) | Stem | Herb | Fresh stem sap is wiped onto the bite | [14, 34] |
|
Myricaceae | Maesa lanceolata Forssk. | Katera (Luo) | Roots | Tree | Decoction administered as follow-up treatment for puff adder bites | [14, 34] |
|
Opiliaceae | Opilia amentacea Roxb. | Mutonga (Kamba) | Roots | Climber | Roots burnt into charcoal, crushed into powder, mixed with crushed snake teeth, and applied to the bite | [14] |
|
Phytolaccaceae | Phytolacca dodecandra L. Hiern | Kupsogotit | Leaves, fruits | Shrub | Burnt, chewed | [45] |
|
Polygalaceae | Securidaca longepedunculata | | Not specified | Shrub | Not specified | [49] |
|
Pteridaceae | Pellaea viridis (Forssk.) Prantl. | No Luo name given | Leaves | Herb | Pulped and rubbed on the bite | [14, 34] |
|
Rhamnaceae | Ziziphus mucronata Willd. | Oloilalei | Roots | Shrub | Infusion drunk | [42] |
|
Rubiaceae | Gardenia volkensii | Mogilio (Markweta) | Leaves | Tree | Mixed with those of Plectranthus barbatus and Euclea divinorum. The powder mixture is then applied on incisions made on the bitten area. | [46] |
Hymenodictyon parvifolium | Mulinditi | Leaves | Shrub | Crushed and infusion drunk | [50] |
|
Rutaceae | Toddalia asiatica (L) Lam. | Mururue (kikuyu) | Root bark | Liana | Infusion | [40] |
Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. | Oloisuki (massai) | Roots | Tree | Used with the roots of Senna siamea (Lam.) Irwin et Barnaby | [14] |
|
Solanaceae | Solanum incanum L. | Mutongu (Kamba) | Leaves, stem, fruit | Shrub | Leaves chewed and applied at the bite. Stem/fruits sliced, sun dried, pounded, and powder applied. The sap of the fruits may also be directly applied. | [14, 40, 42] |
Solanum micranthum Schltdl. | Sigowet | Root, fruit | Shrub | Treats snake, cat, or dog bite. Burnt or boiled and infusion taken | [45] |
|
Velloziaceae | Xerophyta spekei Baker | Kianduri | Whole plant | Shrub | Ashes applied to the bite | [38] |
|