A Toxicological Evaluation of Germanium Sesquioxide (Organic Germanium)
Table 1
Summary of the results of the bacterial reverse mutation test, initial mutation test.
Initial mutation test (plate incorporation test)
Concentrations (μg/plate)
Salmonella typhimurium tester strains
Escherichia coli
TA 98
TA 100
TA 1535
TA 1537
WP2 uvrA
−S9
+S9
−S9
+S9
−S9
+S9
−S9
+S9
−S9
+S9
Mean values of revertants per plate mutation rate (MR)
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Mean
MR
Untreated control
29.3
1.52
26.3
0.91
96.3
1.12
101.3
0.89
8.7
1.04
12.7
1.15
6.3
1.06
7.7
0.96
32.3
0.95
45.3
0.89
DMSO control
23.7
1.00
24.7
1.00
—
—
104.3
1.00
—
—
10.7
1.00
7.3
1.00
7.7
1.00
—
—
47.0
1.00
Ultrapure water control (100 μL)
—
—
—
—
92.7
1.00
—
—
9.0
1.00
—
—
—
—
—
—
35.7
1.00
—
—
Ultrapure water control (250 μL)
19.3
1.00
29.0
1.00
85.7
1.00
113.3
1.00
8.3
1.00
11.0
1.00
6.0
1.00
8.0
1.00
34.0
1.00
51.0
1.00
5000
26.7
1.38
32.0
1.10
91.7
1.07
110.3
0.97
9.7
1.16
13.7
1.24
7.7
1.28
7.0
0.88
54.0
1.59
55.3
1.08
1600
21.7
1.12
30.3
1.05
87.7
1.02
114.0
1.01
13.7
1.64
11.7
1.06
7.3
1.22
6.0
0.75
43.7
1.28
50.0
0.98
500
22.7
1.17
32.3
1.11
91.0
1.06
117.7
1.04
13.0
1.56
12.7
1.15
6.3
1.06
6.3
0.79
33.7
0.99
42.0
0.82
160
25.0
1.29
28.3
0.98
78.7
0.92
119.3
1.05
11.7
1.40
12.0
1.09
7.7
1.28
8.0
1.00
44.7
1.31
45.0
0.88
50
23.7
1.22
31.0
1.07
93.7
1.09
106.7
0.94
11.7
1.40
12.7
1.15
9.7
1.61
8.0
1.00
38.3
1.13
40.3
0.79
16
24.7
1.28
30.3
1.05
98.3
1.15
108.7
0.96
5.3
0.64
12.7
1.15
8.3
1.39
7.3
0.92
39.7
1.17
40.3
0.79
NPD (4 μg)
336.7
14.23
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
SAZ (2 μg)
—
—
—
—
1173.3
12.66
—
—
880.0
97.78
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
9AA (50 μg)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
399.3
54.45
—
—
—
—
—
—
MMS (2 μL)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1058.7
29.68
—
—
2AA (2 μg)
—
—
1634.7
66.27
—
—
1834.7
17.58
—
—
256.7
24.06
—
—
128.3
16.74
—
—
—
—
2AA (50 μg)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
235.7
5.01
Abbreviations: 2AA: 2-aminoanthracene; 9AA: 9-Aminoacridine; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; MMS: Methyl-methanesulfonate; MR: Mutation Rate; NPD: 4-Nitro-1,2-phenylenediamine; S-9, metabolic activation; SAZ: sodium azide. DMSO was the vehicle of the positive control substances: NPD, 9AA and 2AA; ultrapure water was the vehicle of the test item and for SAZ and MMS. The mutation rates of the test item, untreated, and positive controls were calculated using the data from their respective vehicle controls.