Research Article
A Toxicological Evaluation of Germanium Sesquioxide (Organic Germanium)
Table 9
Summary of clinical chemistry results, 90-day study.
| Group‡ mg/kg bw/day | ALT (U/L) | AST (U/L) | ALP (U/L) | TBIL (μmol/L) | CREA (μmol/L) | Urea (mmol/L) | GLUC (mmol/L) | CHOL (mmol/L) | Pi (mmol/L) | Ca++ (mmol/L) | Na+ (mmol/L) | K+ (mmol/L) | Cl− (mmol/L) | ALB (g/L) | TPROT (g/L) | A/G |
| Males | Control | Mean | 51.5 | 86.4 | 142.0 | 1.02 | 25.4 | 7.90 | 7.56 | 2.35 | 1.91 | 2.68 | 142.94 | 4.59 | 98.85 | 44.29 | 65.91 | 2.08 | SD | 8.8 | 11.0 | 41.2 | 0.41 | 2.5 | 0.51 | 0.89 | 0.41 | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.97 | 0.33 | 1.48 | 1.78 | 2.24 | 0.30 | 500 | Mean | 49.5 | 80.3 | 125.4 | 1.00 | 25.7 | 7.21 | 7.35 | 2.56 | 1.90 | 2.66 | 142.28 | 4.35 | 98.55 | 43.54 | 64.80 | 2.06 | SD | 6.7 | 10.0 | 27.7 | 0.32 | 2.5 | 0.51 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.50 | 0.23 | 0.78 | 1.37 | 2.30 | 0.19 | 1000 | Mean | 54.6 | 84.6 | 107.1 | 0.85 | 26.4 | 7.18 | 7.47 | 2.37 | 1.98 | 2.65 | 142.28 | 4.33 | 98.13 | 43.54 | 63.74 | 2.16 | SD | 9.5 | 18.1 | 24.7 | 0.35 | 3.5 | 0.92 | 0.67 | 0.38 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 1.49 | 0.31 | 2.00 | 1.10 | 2.09 | 0.16 | SS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2000 | Mean | 46.0 | 79.9 | 110.1 | 1.18 | 24.5 | 6.93 | 6.85 | 2.09 | 1.87 | 2.64 | 142.37 | 4.50 | 97.36 | 42.63 | 60.98 | 2.34 | SD | 5.2 | 12.6 | 21.7 | 0.36 | 2.3 | 1.06 | 0.37 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.68 | 0.30 | 0.99 | 0.74 | 1.12 | 0.19 | SS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Test for significance | NS | NS | DN | NS | NS | DN | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | U | U | DN | DN | Historical control range | 28.0–86.2 | 67.9–135.7 | 56–184 | 0.71–2.79 | 18.5–37.2 | 3.60–9.26 | 4.58–8.24 | 1.27–2.44 | 1.40–2.41 | 2.40–2.80 | 140–146 | 3.84–5.04 | 102.7–106.9 | 33.0–37.4 | 56.8–68.0 | 1.0–1.4 |
| Females | Control | Mean | 86.1 | 141.4 | 65.6 | 1.46 | 31.20 | 6.91 | 6.54 | 2.11 | 1.18 | 2.67 | 143.50 | 4.04 | 101.44 | 50.88 | 69.11 | 2.80 | SD | 32.1 | 51.1 | 38.0 | 0.48 | 2.49 | 1.26 | 0.62 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 2.01 | 0.37 | 2.22 | 2.50 | 2.98 | 0.22 | 500 | Mean | 59.9 | 101.0 | 62.7 | 1.12 | 29.30 | 6.83 | 7.11 | 1.81 | 1.36 | 2.65 | 142.72 | 4.09 | 100.38 | 50.42 | 67.53 | 2.96 | SD | 16.9 | 13.6 | 16.1 | 0.20 | 3.71 | 0.87 | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 1.49 | 0.39 | 1.67 | 2.69 | 3.42 | 0.30 | SS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1000 | Mean | 73.5 | 106.3 | 48.7 | 1.34 | 27.00 | 7.08 | 6.59 | 2.10 | 1.66 | 2.67 | 140.93 | 3.99 | 98.41 | 49.77 | 67.47 | 2.85 | SD | 22.2 | 22.2 | 11.7 | 0.36 | 2.62 | 1.16 | 0.56 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.11 | 1.14 | 0.21 | 1.85 | 3.20 | 3.84 | 0.40 | SS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 2000 | Mean | 61.3 | 97.1 | 58.2 | 1.08 | 27.20 | 6.90 | 6.78 | 2.08 | 1.71 | 2.67 | 140.92 | 3.95 | 97.43 | 47.83 | 64.62 | 2.87 | SD | 20.1 | 20.4 | 26.6 | 0.36 | 2.90 | 1.12 | 0.51 | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 1.42 | 0.11 | 1.27 | 2.23 | 1.76 | 0.41 | SS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Test for significance | DN | NS | NS | DN | DN | NS | DN | NS | DN | NS | DN | NS | DN | DN | DN | NS | Historical control range | 23.4–87.7 | 71.0–141.8 | 25.0–126 | 1.23–3.30 | 25.6–40.8 | 4.25–8.5 | 4.44–7.55 | 1.35–3.39 | 0.93–2.01 | 2.51–2.77 | 135–148 | 3.42–4.35 | 103.3–109.6 | 33.2–41.0 | 57.1–74.5 | 1.1–1.5 |
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Abbreviations: A/G: albumin/globulin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALB: albumin; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; Ca ++: calcium; CHOL: cholesterol; Cl −: chloride; CREA: creatinine; DN: Duncan’s multiple range test; GLUC: glucose; Na+: sodium; NS: not significant; Pi: inorganic phosphorus; SD: standard deviation; SS: statistical significance; U: Mann–Whitney U-test versus control; TBIL: total bilirubin; TPROT: total protein; ‡n = 10 for all groups. , . |