A Toxicological Evaluation of Germanium Sesquioxide (Organic Germanium)

Table 9

Summary of clinical chemistry results, 90-day study.

Group^‡ mg/kg bw/day		ALT (U/L)	AST (U/L)	ALP (U/L)	TBIL (μmol/L)	CREA (μmol/L)	Urea (mmol/L)	GLUC (mmol/L)	CHOL (mmol/L)	Pi (mmol/L)	Ca^++ (mmol/L)	Na^+ (mmol/L)	K^+ (mmol/L)	Cl^− (mmol/L)	ALB (g/L)	TPROT (g/L)	A/G
Males
Control	Mean	51.5	86.4	142.0	1.02	25.4	7.90	7.56	2.35	1.91	2.68	142.94	4.59	98.85	44.29	65.91	2.08
	SD	8.8	11.0	41.2	0.41	2.5	0.51	0.89	0.41	0.13	0.06	0.97	0.33	1.48	1.78	2.24	0.30
500	Mean	49.5	80.3	125.4	1.00	25.7	7.21	7.35	2.56	1.90	2.66	142.28	4.35	98.55	43.54	64.80	2.06
	SD	6.7	10.0	27.7	0.32	2.5	0.51	0.34	0.40	0.19	0.05	0.50	0.23	0.78	1.37	2.30	0.19
1000	Mean	54.6	84.6	107.1	0.85	26.4	7.18	7.47	2.37	1.98	2.65	142.28	4.33	98.13	43.54	63.74	2.16
	SD	9.5	18.1	24.7	0.35	3.5	0.92	0.67	0.38	0.17	0.06	1.49	0.31	2.00	1.10	2.09	0.16
	SS
2000	Mean	46.0	79.9	110.1	1.18	24.5	6.93	6.85	2.09	1.87	2.64	142.37	4.50	97.36	42.63	60.98	2.34
	SD	5.2	12.6	21.7	0.36	2.3	1.06	0.37	0.26	0.21	0.05	0.68	0.30	0.99	0.74	1.12	0.19
	SS
Test for significance		NS	NS	DN	NS	NS	DN	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	U	U	DN	DN
Historical control range		28.0–86.2	67.9–135.7	56–184	0.71–2.79	18.5–37.2	3.60–9.26	4.58–8.24	1.27–2.44	1.40–2.41	2.40–2.80	140–146	3.84–5.04	102.7–106.9	33.0–37.4	56.8–68.0	1.0–1.4
Females
Control	Mean	86.1	141.4	65.6	1.46	31.20	6.91	6.54	2.11	1.18	2.67	143.50	4.04	101.44	50.88	69.11	2.80
	SD	32.1	51.1	38.0	0.48	2.49	1.26	0.62	0.32	0.30	0.09	2.01	0.37	2.22	2.50	2.98	0.22
500	Mean	59.9	101.0	62.7	1.12	29.30	6.83	7.11	1.81	1.36	2.65	142.72	4.09	100.38	50.42	67.53	2.96
	SD	16.9	13.6	16.1	0.20	3.71	0.87	0.42	0.40	0.27	0.08	1.49	0.39	1.67	2.69	3.42	0.30
	SS
1000	Mean	73.5	106.3	48.7	1.34	27.00	7.08	6.59	2.10	1.66	2.67	140.93	3.99	98.41	49.77	67.47	2.85
	SD	22.2	22.2	11.7	0.36	2.62	1.16	0.56	0.38	0.31	0.11	1.14	0.21	1.85	3.20	3.84	0.40
	SS
2000	Mean	61.3	97.1	58.2	1.08	27.20	6.90	6.78	2.08	1.71	2.67	140.92	3.95	97.43	47.83	64.62	2.87
	SD	20.1	20.4	26.6	0.36	2.90	1.12	0.51	0.34	0.27	0.05	1.42	0.11	1.27	2.23	1.76	0.41
	SS
Test for significance		DN	NS	NS	DN	DN	NS	DN	NS	DN	NS	DN	NS	DN	DN	DN	NS
Historical control range		23.4–87.7	71.0–141.8	25.0–126	1.23–3.30	25.6–40.8	4.25–8.5	4.44–7.55	1.35–3.39	0.93–2.01	2.51–2.77	135–148	3.42–4.35	103.3–109.6	33.2–41.0	57.1–74.5	1.1–1.5

Abbreviations: A/G: albumin/globulin; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALB: albumin; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; Ca⁺⁺: calcium; CHOL: cholesterol; Cl⁻: chloride; CREA: creatinine; DN: Duncan’s multiple range test; GLUC: glucose; Na+: sodium; NS: not significant; Pi: inorganic phosphorus; SD: standard deviation; SS: statistical significance; U: Mann–Whitney U-test versus control; TBIL: total bilirubin; TPROT: total protein; ^‡n = 10 for all groups. , .