Nanonaringenin and Vitamin E Ameliorate Some Behavioral, Biochemical, and Brain Tissue Alterations Induced by Nicotine in Rats

Table 1

Effect of treatments on locomotor and exploratory behavior of rats (in the open field test).

	Locomotor and anxiety like behaviors						Exploratory behaviors
	No. of peripheral square crosses		Rearing (frequency)		Freezing duration (sec)		No. of central square crosses		Central square time (sec)
	15 days	30 days	15 days	30 days	15 days	30 days	15 days	30 days	15 days	30 days
Control	67.4 ± 2.79 ^ac	38.2 ± 9.65^a	12.0 ± 1.58^a	8.4 ± 2.07^a	61.8 ± 6.49^a	119 ± 44.22^a	2.4 ± 1.34^a	1.8 ± 0.45^a	3.0 ± 2.1^a	1.6 ± 0.89^a
N	27.2 ± 5.63^b	16.8 ± 3.96^b	16.8 ± 3.3^b	2.4 ± 1.14^b	28.6 ± 3.21^b	103.2 ± 16.16^a	1.4 ± 0.55^a	1.4 ± 0.55^a	2.4 ± 1.1^a	2.4 ± 0.86^a
NNG	74.4 ± 4.7^a	36.4 ± 2.7^a	9.8 ± 0.84 ^ad	8.52 ± 1.41^a	139.6 ± 8.26^c	114.6 ± 12.68^a	2.8 ± 1.92^a	1.2 ± 0.84^a	4.0 ± 1.2 ^ab	1.0 ± 1.0^a
N + NNG	39.2 ± 9.5 ^bd	30.8 ± 4.76^a	6.6 ± 0.89 ^cd	3.2 ± 2.17^b	111 ± 23.01^c	122 ± 28.64^a	6.6 ± 2.88^b	5.2 ± 1.8^b	7.6 ± 1.52^b	7.2 ± 1.9^b
N + E	46.4 ± 19.8 ^cb	16.0 ± 4.69^b	5.4 ± 1.14^c	2.0 ± 1.58^b	119 ± 18.84^c	138 ± 28.64^a	2.4 ± 2.70^a	1.4 ± 0.55^a	3.0 ± 1.58^a	1.6 ± 0.89^a
N + NNG + E	50.4 ± 15.6 ^cd	37.2 ± 7.56^a	6.8 ± 1.3 ^cd	10.0 ± 1.23^a	236 ± 23.02^d	130 ± 30.82^a	4.8 ± 0.45 ^ab	1.6 ± 1.52^a	7.4 ± 3.36^b	1.8 ± 0.84^a