Role of Shear Stress on Renal Proximal Tubular Cells for Nephrotoxicity Assays

Table 1

The study reference, shear stress in dynes/cm², duration in hours, technology utilized, and cell type.

Reference number	Shear stress (dynes/cm^2)	Duration (hours)	Fluid shear stress generated with	Cell	Response of PTC to fluid shear stress
					Reorganized actin and cytoskeleton	Increased microvilli	Increased cubilin/megalin, albumin transport	Increased expression of drug transporters
1. Bhat 1995 [21]	0.02–0.27	12–15	Spinner flasks with stirrers	MDCK (canine)	X
2. Cowger 2000  [22]	0.04–0.12	48	Rotating wall vessel suspension	Primary PTC (human)
3. Hammond 1999 & 2000  [20]	0.04–0.12	144	Rotating wall vessel suspension	Primary PTC (human and rat)
4. Raghavan 2014 [23]	0.1^∗	0.25–0.5	MIcrofluidics	LLC-PK1 (pig), OK (possum)			X
5. Miravete 2011 [24]	0.5–5	1	Parallel plate	HK-2 (human)
6. Shimony 2008 [25]	0.1	24–48	Slow rotation)	MDCK (canine), HK-2 (human)
7. Xu 2020 [12]	0.2	2.5	Microfluidics	HK-2 (human)			X
8. Jayagopal 2019 [26]	0.2–2	240	Parallel plate	MDCK (canine)				MATE & OCT2
9. Jang 2013 [27]	0.2	72	Microfluidics	Primary PTC (human)		X	X	P-gp
10. Duan 2010 [28]	0.2	3	Parallel plate	Primary PTC (murine)	X
11. Homan 2016 [29]	0.1 – 0.5	1008	Perfused 3-D construct	PTC-hTERT1	X	X	X
12. Carrisoza-gaytan 2014 [30]	0.2	0.5	Parallel plate	mpkCCD (murine)	X
13. Kaysen 1999 [31]	0.5–1	240–384	Rotating wall vessel suspension	Primary PTC (rat and human)		X	X
14. Brakeman 2016 [32]	0.5–5	5	Microfluidics	Primary PTC (human)
15. Frohlich 2012 [33]	0.5	2	Parallel plate	HK-2 (human)	X
16. Fukuda 2017 [11]	0.5	24–48	Parallel plate	Primary PTC (human)				MAT2K
17. Essig 2001 [15]	0.04–0.17	2–24	Parallel plate	Primary PTC (murine) and LLC-PK1	X
18. Vriend 2020 [34]	0.5–2.0	216	Microfluidics	Immortalized hu PTC			X	MRP2/4 and P-gp
19. Duan 2008 [35]	1.0	5	Parallel plate	Primary PTC (murine)	X
20. Ferrell 2012 [36]	1.0	3	MIcrofluidics	Primary PTC (murine)			X
21. Kunnen 2017 [37]	1.9	4–20	Parallel plate and cone-plate	SV40 transformed PTC (murine)	X
22. Cattaneo 2011 [38]	2.0	6	Parallel plate	MDCK (canine)	X
23. Kunnen 2018b [39]	2.0	4–16	Parallel plate	SV40 transformed PTC (murine)	X
24. Ferrell 2018 [40]	2.0	6–240	Orbital shaker	Primary PTC (human)	X
25. Maggiorani 2015 [41]	5.0	48	Parallel plate	HK-2 (human)	X

^∗Initially reported as 1.0 dynes/cm²; corrected in errata to 0.1 dynes/cm². This table displays the effects of fluid shear stress on PTC in vitro. The data are abstracted from 25 publications that reported the amount of shear stress applied (dynes/cm²) and the duration of the stimulus. When a range of intensities or exposure times was used, arrows indicate the range and the symbol is placed at the average amount. The PTC cell types used included primary cells (from human, mouse, or rat), MadinDarby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line, Human papilloma–transduced PTC (HK–2), SV40–transformed murine PTC, LLC–PK1 (pig kidney line), and OK (opossum kidney cell line). The reference numbers are the key for Figure 1.