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Study | Climate change parameters | Earthworm species | Pesticide used | Effects on the life-cycle traits of earthworms and biomarkers |
Temperature | Precipitation/soil moisture | pH | Ultraviolet radiation | Acidification |
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Friis et al. [76] | N/A | Soil water potentials from pF 1.5 (wet) to pF 5 (very dry) were obtained | N/A | N/A | N/A | Aporrectodea caliginosa | Copper | With the increasing drought level, the whole-body burden of copper increased from about 40 microg Cu g−1 dry weight to about 90 microg Cu g−1. When the worms were exposed to drought, the osmolality in their body fluids increased. |
Booth et al. [77] | 5–20°C | 15–30% WHC | N/A | N/A | N/A | Aporrectodea caliginosa | N/A | ChE and GST activity increased with temperature. |
Uvarov et al. [78] | Temperature fluctuations (2°C ± 5°C) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrobaena octaedra | N/A | Increase in temperature increased earthworm growth and reproduction rate. |
Velki and Ečimović [79] | 15, 20, and 25°C | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Eisenia fetida | Imidacloprid, alpha-cypermethrin, indoxacarb, combined chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, combined difenoconazole and propiconazole, combined azoxystrobin and cyproconazole, tembotrione, imazamox, diquat, fluazifop-p-butyl, glyphosate | Increase in temperature mostly resulted in increased pesticide toxicity, whereas toxicity decreased at lower temperature; investigation of mechanisms by which temperature affects the toxicity is required. |
Lima et al. [80] | 8, 20, and 28°C | 55% WHC | 5.8 | N/A | N/A | Eisenia andrei | Carbaryl | Synergistic ratios showed a tendency to synergism at high temperatures; temperature increased the deleterious effects of carbaryl to Eisenia andrei. |
De Silva et al. [81] | 20 ± 2°C, 26 ± 2°C | 50% WHC | 5.9–6.1 | N/A | N/A | Eisenia andrei | Carbendazim, carbofuran, and chlorpyrifos | Survival was more sensitive at the higher temperature; effects on reproduction and growth varied inconsistently with temperature and soil types; pesticide toxicity decreased in the order carbendazim > carbofuran > chlorpyrifos. |
Bandeira et al. [82] | 20, 25, and 28°C | 60% WHC | 6.0 | N/A | N/A | Eisenia andrei | Imidacloprid | Toxicity of insecticides showed a tendency to increase with an increase in temperature, and this was evident both in the number of juveniles and the percentage of initial weight. |
Zoua et al. [83] | 20°C | 35% WHC | Varied | N/A | Acidified soils (pH = 5.5, 4.3, and 3.1) | Eisenia fetida | Chlorpyrifos, triazophos, and dimethoate | The toxicity of OPs was slightly increased with the decrease of soil pH; bioavailability and toxicodynamics are key factors for toxicity variation. |
Hackenberger et al. [84] | 20 and 25°C | 30% and 50% WHC | 6.0 ± 0.5 | N/A | N/A | Eisenia fetida | Propiconazole and chlorantraniliprole | Applied temperature and soil moisture combinations affected the selected biomarkers; the most important interaction was between concentration and temperature. |
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