Research Article

Linking Measure of the Tropical Stingless Bee (Apidae, Meliponini, and Heterotrigona itama) Honey Quality with Hives Distance to the Source of Heavy Metal Pollution in Urban and Industrial Areas in Sabah, Borneo

Table 1

Location of honey sampling sites by distance from contamination sources in the Malaysian state of Sabah.

Sampling sitesTotal honey samples (N)Industrial area (range of distances)
Main road (km)Nearest cities/town (km)Petrochemical hub (km)Power plant (km)

Sipitang150.02 to 0.502.92 to 10.931.43 to 12.3450 to 5.02
Papar120.30 to 4.130.01 to 4.1312.06 to 13.609 to 9.15
Kimanis150.05 to 0.732.69 to 7.840.55 to 6.900.40 to 4.8
Putatan120.26 to 1.800.64 to 2.8947.11 to 49.3629.9 to 30.01
Sandakan95.0 to 5.515.2 to 15.5399 to 401379 to 380