Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Study of Flavonoid Rich Extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra (GutGard®) in Sprague Dawley Rats

Table 5

Effect of GutGard on biochemistry parameters of male rats during 90 D oral toxicity study.

Parameter	Dose (mg/kg)
	0	0 (Rev)^$	250	500	1000	1000 (Rev)^$
TP (g/dL)	6.90 ± 0.56	6.69 ± 0.44	6.82 ± 0.49	6.93 ± 0.63	6.81 ± 0.46	6.18 ± 0.72
BUN (mg/dL)	15.30 ± 2.31	13.40 ± 1.14	14.80 ± 2.44	16.10 ± 1.45	15.90 ± 2.13	14.00 ± 0.71
Urea (mg/dL)	33.35 ± 5.04	29.21 ± 2.49	32.26 ± 5.32	35.10 ± 3.16	34.66 ± 4.65	30.52 ± 1.54
ALT (U/L)	63.50 ± 12.72	52.80 ± 8.67	58.60 ± 11.15	62.10 ± 8.52	62.30 ± 9.58	42.40 ± 9.71
AST (U/L)	112.70 ± 25.18	98.40 ± 27.42	107.80 ± 17.01	110.70 ± 21.28	97.10 ± 9.87	101.40 ± 37.92
ALP (U/L)	193.50 ± 18.36	126.80 ± 33.76	198.80 ± 31.57	193.60 ± 23.44	182.20 ± 32.76	90.20 ± 38.49
Glucose (mg/dL)	84.50 ± 7.41	82.80 ± 13.03	87.90 ± 13.96	83.00 ± 11.84	86.40 ± 6.08	86.20 ± 10.50
Cal (mmol/L)	3.54 ± 0.53	3.69 ± 0.18	3.55 ± 0.27	3.31 ± 0.22	3.64 ± 0.18	3.44 ± 0.16
P (mg/dL)	7.20 ± 0.72	5.76 ± 1.03	7.37 ± 0.75	7.73 ± 0.86	7.05 ± 0.55	5.10 ± 0.62
GGTP (U/L)	10.53 ± 2.10	7.59 ± 2.13	9.53 ± 3.01	10.80 ± 1.90	8.69 ± 1.17	7.90 ± 1.54
TB (mg/dL)	0.29 ± 0.09	0.21 ± 0.07	0.25 ± 0.07	0.26 ± 0.06	0.21 ± 0.05	0.24 ± 0.04
Albumin (g/dL)	2.01 ± 0.13	2.08 ± 0.30	2.09 ± 0.15	2.05 ± 0.19	2.09 ± 0.17	1.84 ± 0.29
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.53 ± 0.31	0.98 ± 0.10	1.13 ± 0.52	1.01 ± 0.29	0.70 ± 0.23	0.89 ± 0.16
Sodium (mmol/L)	149.27 ± 1.74	156.44 ± 0.98	151.02 ± 1.90	148.88 ± 2.75	147.45 ± 1.46	147.50 ± 1.87
Potassium (mmol/L)	4.65 ± 0.36	4.02 ± 0.17	4.05 ± 0.41	4.50 ± 0.40	4.47 ± 0.33	4.04 ± 0.48
Chloride (mmol/L)	94.70 ± 2.90	92.25 ± 1.65	95.37 ± 4.02	98.84 ± 4.46	89.51 ± 2.13	98.59 ± 4.95
TC (mmol/L)	34.02 ± 7.58	39.55 ± 13.42	32.18 ± 5.43	36.60 ± 5.97	30.80 ± 5.34	29.89 ± 9.13
TG (mmol/L)	42.40 ± 18.11	41.00 ± 10.07	34.80 ± 8.39	38.90 ± 9.16	41.00 ± 12.10	36.80 ± 11.17

Mean ± SD (n = 10); ^$n = 5. TP: total protein; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; Cal: calcium; P: phosphorus; TB: total bilirubin; GGTP: gamma glutamyl transferase; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; Rev.: reversal. = significant at 95% level of confidence ;  = significant at 99% level of confidence .