Gastrointestinal Neoplasia Associated with Bowel Parasitosis: Real or Imaginary?

Table 1

Summary of evidence linking gastrointestinal parasites and neoplasia.

Parasite	Cancer type	Site	Types of studies	Probability of causation of neoplasia
S. japonicum	Adenocarcinoma	Colon and rectum	Case-control studies, epidemiological studies, case series, and many case reports	Probable
S. mansoni	Adenocarcinoma	Colon and rectum	Case-control studies, case reports	Equivocal, weak association
E. histolytica	Adenocarcinoma	Colon	Rare case reports	Unlikely
A. lumbricoides	Adenocarcinoma	Biliary tract and ampulla	Rare case reports	Unlikely
Anisakis	Adenocarcinoma	Colon	Rare case reports	Unlikely
G. lamblia	Ductal adenocarcinoma	Pancreas	Rare case reports	Unlikely