Elevated Dengue Virus Nonstructural Protein 1 Serum Levels and Altered Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression, Nitric Oxide, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Patients

Figure 4

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production (pg/mL) by 1 × 10⁶ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with dengue fever (DF, ) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF, ) during the acute phase of the disease and healthy controls (HC, ). PBMCs were not stimulated (NS) or stimulated for 18 hours with 10 μg/mL of lipopolysaccharide (+ LPS) and TNF-α production measured by ELISA. Results were expressed as median using a box plot. Equivalent symbols () represent statistically significant differences () between groups.