Submicroscopic and Asymptomatic Congenital Infection by Plasmodium vivax or P. falciparum in Colombia: 37 Cases with Placental Histopathology and Cytokine Profile in Maternal and Placental Blood
Table 5
Expression of apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenic markers, as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the placenta, according to the presence or absence of plasmodial infection in cord.
Marker
Variable
Plasmodial infection in cord
Mean
SD
SE mean
95% CI mean Lower L; Upper L
Min
Max
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (%)
No
56.4
13.8
1.86
52.7
60.2
39
81
0.001
Yes
69.5
6.8
1.52
66.4
72.7
58
86
FAS
No
4.3
1.2
0.17
4.0
4.6
2.0
6.0
0.001
Yes
5.3
0.0
0.09
5.2
5.5
4.4
6.0
FASL
No
6.2
0.8
0.11
6.0
6.5
5.1
9.0
0.009
Yes
5.8
0.4
0.08
5.6
5.9
5.1
6.6
Inflammation
COX1
No
7.6
6.2
0.84
5.9
9.3
0.1
15.3
0.000
Yes
13.7
1.8
0.41
12.8
14.5
10.5
16.5
COX2
No
3.8
3.0
0.41
3.0
4.7
0.1
9.0
0.001
Yes
6.7
1.2
0.26
6.2
7.3
4.9
8.9
Angiogenesis
HIF
No
0.9
0.5
0.06
0.8
1.0
0.0
2.2
0.002
Yes
1.2
0.3
0.07
1.0
1.3
0.8
2.1
VEGF
No
0.9
0.3
0.04
0.9
1.0
0.1
1.4
0.011
Yes
1.1
0.1
0.02
1.0
1.1
0.9
1.2
Proinflammatory cytokines
IFN-g
No
5.9
4.2
0.57
4.7
7.0
1.1
13.1
0.000
Yes
10.1
1.6
0.37
9.4
10.9
8.0
14.0
TNF
No
7.3
4.3
0.58
6.2
8.5
2.0
12.8
0.047
Yes
10.7
0.8
0.18
10.4
11.1
9.0
11.8
Anti-inflammatory cytokines
IL-2
No
1.2
0.4
0.05
1.1
1.3
0.4
2.3
0.075
Yes
1.0
0.2
0.04
1.0
1.1
0.8
1.4
IL-4
No
1.4
0.3
0.05
1.3
1.5
0.0
2.4
0.181
Yes
1.6
0.3
0.07
1.4
1.7
1.2
2.4
Immunomodulatory cytokines
IL-10
No
2.7
1.5
0.20
2.3
3.1
0.1
5.0
0.064
Yes
3.6
0.5
0.12
3.4
3.9
3.0
4.9
TGF-b
No
1.9
0.6
0.09
1.7
2.1
1.0
3.2
0.002
Yes
2.4
0.4
0.08
2.2
2.6
1.6
3.0
Always = 55 in IPM-MCN and = 20 in IPC-MC (+). In all variables, measurement refers to relative quantitation in which the basal expression of a housekeeping gene was compared to the target gene according to the CT value of each gene. The graph reveals amplification (amplification plot). The value of CT has no units (expresses the ΔRn/cycle ratio).
