Prevalence of Human Bocavirus in Africa and Other Developing Countries between 2005 and 2016: A Potential Emerging Viral Pathogen for Diarrhea

Table 1

Human Bocavirus globally, studies published between 2005 and 2016.

Country	Study period	Setting	Age range	Sampled population	Tested samples	Positive samples ()	Hospitalized	Outpatient	Sample type	Symptoms	Detection method	HBoV type	Reference
Australia	2001	-	-	children	197	125 (63.5%)	197	-	Stool	Diarrhea	Nested PCR	1,2,3	[25]
	2003-2004	Urban	≤ 5 years	children	700	41 (6%)	604	96	Nasal–throat, stool, whole blood	Respiratory infection/diarrhea	Real-time PCR	1	[26]
America	2004	Urban	< 2 years	children	1271	22 (1.7%)	1271	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[41]
	-	Peri-urban	All	children	641	101 (16%)	-	-	Stool	Diarrhea	PCR	1,2,3,4	[74]
	2007-2008		2-11 years	children	149	7 (5%)	-	149	Throat, Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	Real-time PCR	1	[66]
Argentina	2011	Peri-urban	≤ 2 years	children	222	15 (7%)	222	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[76]
Argentina, Nicaragua, Peru	-	-	< 6 years	children	568	61 (11%)	568	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	Real time PCR	1	[77]
Brazil	2004-2007	Peri-urban	≤ 2 years	children	397	3 (0.76%)	-	397	Nasal, throat	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[62]
	2003-2005	Peri-urban	<15 years	children	705	14 (2%)	285	420	Stool	Diarrhea	PCR	1	[15]
	1998-2004	Urban	< 5 years	children	762	44 (5.8%)	762	-	Stool	Diarrhea	PCR	1,3	[78]
	2008	Urban	<2 years	children	511	55 (11%)	511	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1,2,3	[79]
	2010-2012	Urban/rural	≤18	children	200	67 (33.9%)	200	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	Real-time (RT-PCR)	1	[80]
	2010-2011	Urban/rural	1-14 years	children	121	36 (29.8%)	121	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	Real-time PCR	1	[81]
	2005-2007	Urban/rural	All	Children/adults	1015	49 (4.8%)	1015	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[82]
	2008-2009	Urban	< 5 years	children	407	77 (19%)	407	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[83]
	2006-2007	Urban/rural	All	Children/adults	90	2 (2%)	90	-	Stool	Diarrhea	PCR	1	[84]
Cambodia	2009-2010	Urban	All	Children/adults	292	162 (55%)	292	-	Nasal, throat	Respiratory tract infection	Multiplex PCR	1	[85]
Cameroon	2011-2013	Urban	≤15 years	children	347	37 (11%)	347	-	Throat	Respiratory tract infection	Multiplex PCR	1	[86]
China	2009-2013	Urban/rural	All	Children/adults	29248	551 (2%)	29 248	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	Real-time PCR	1	[87]
	2004-2005	Urban	< 18 years	children	203	83 (40%)	203	-	Stool, Nasal	Respiratory infection/diarrhea	PCR	1	[88]
	2007-2008	Urban	≤15 years	children	235	21 (9%)	235	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1,2	[89]
	2009-2012	Urban/rural	All	Children/adults	14237	180 (1.26%)	14237	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[23]
	2012-2013	Urban/rural	<14 years	children	4130	(16.7%)	4130	-	Throat	Respiratory tract infection	Real-time PCR	1	[90]
	2012	Peri-urban	≤ 5 years	children	122	-	-	122	Stool	Diarrhea	Multiplex real-time PCR	1	[91]
	2009-2014	-	All	Children/adults	12502	225 (2%)	12502	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[92]
	2009-2014	Urban	<14 years	children	4242	125(3%)	4242	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	Real time PCR	1	[93]
	2012-2013	Urban	< 6 years	children	346	60 (17.34%)	346	-	Stool	Diarrhea	PCR	1,2	[94]
Egypt	2013-2014	Urban	≤ 36 months	children	95	54 (56.8%)	95	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	Real-time PCR	1	[8]
	2013-2015	Urban	1 month-2 years	children	100	2(2%)	100	-	Stool	Diarrhea	PCR	1	[95]
Finland	2000-2002	Urban	3 months-15 years	children	117	24 (49%)	117	-	Nasal, serum	Respiratory tract infection	Qualitative PCR	1	[96]
	2010	Urban	All	Children/adults	250	4 (1.6%)	250	-	Stool	Diarrhea	Multiplex real-time quantitative PCR	1,2,3,4	[27]
France	2003-2004	-	< 5 years	children	589	9 (1.5%)	589	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[51]
	2010-2011	Urban	All	Children/adults	1465	5 (0.3%)	1465	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	Multiplex PCR	1	[97]
Germany	2007	Urban	-	children	834	115 (14%)	834	-	Stool, nasal, serum	Respiratory tract infection	Real-time PCR	1	[98]
Hong Kong	2004-2005	Periurban	-	children	1178	12 (1%)	1178	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	Real time PCR; PCR	1	[99]
	2004-2005	Urban	<18 years	children	3035	103 (3.4%)	3035	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[88]
Iran	2009-2011	Peri-urban	2-108 months old	children	80	6(8%)	80	-	Stool	Diarrhea	Real-time PCR	1	[100]
	2010-2011	Urban	<4 years	children	200	16 (8%)	200	-	Stool	Diarrhea	Real-time PCR	1	[101]
Istanbul	2014-2015	Urban/rural	All	Children/adults	845	91 (11%)	845	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	Real time PCR	1	[102]
Italy	2005-2006	Urban	-	Children/adults	426	42 (9.9%)	426	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[103]
	2000-2006	Urban	All	Children/adults	355	4.5%,	355	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[30]
	2004-2007	Urban/rural	<14 years	children	415	34 (8.2%)	415	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[104]
	2011-2012	Urban	All	Children/adults	689	14 (2%)	689	-	Stool	Diarrhea	Real time PCR	1	[105]
India	2010-2011	Rural/Peri-urban	0–6 years	children	300	2 (0.67%)	300	-	Throat	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[106]
Jordan	2003-2006	Peri-urban	< 5years	children	326	57 (17%)	326	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[18]
	2007	Peri-urban	≤13 years	children	220	20 (9%)	220	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR/ real-time PCR	1	[107]
	2003-2004	Urban	≤ 5 years	children	326	57 (17%)	326	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	Real time PCR	1	[108]
Japan	2005-2011	Peri-urban	0-136 months	children	850	132 (15.5%)	850	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	Nested PCR	1,2,3,4	[73]
	2007–2009	Urban/rural	<2 years	children	402	34 (8.5%)	402	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[109]
Kenya	2013	Rural	≤5 years.	children	125	21 (17%)	125	-	Throat	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[59]
	2007-2009	Urban	All age group	Children/adults	384	7 (1.8%)	-	384	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1,2,3,4	[3]
United Kingdom	1993–1996	Urban/rural	All	Children/adults	4380	324 (7.4%)	4380	-	Stool	Diarrhea	Real time PCR	1,2,3	[110]
Malaysia	2012	Urban/rural	Children	children	1	1 (99%)	1	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[111]
Netherland	2005-2006	Peri-urban	3 months-6 years	children	257	4 (1.6%)	-	257	Nasal	Respiratory infection/diarrhea	Real time PCR	1	[112]
Pakistan	2008	Rural	-	Children/adults	98	-	-	-	Stool	Diarrhea	PCR	1,2	[113]
Philippines	2008-2009	Urban	8 days to 13 years	children	1242	2 (0.16%)	1242	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[114]
Senegal	2009-2011	Urban	All age group	Children/adults	232	1 (0.4%)	232	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	Real-Time PCR	1	[115]
	2007	Rural	≤5	children	82	1 (1.2%)	82	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[4]
South Africa	1998-2000	Urban	<2	children	1460	332 (22.8%)	1460	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	RT-PCR	1	[116]
	2004	Urban	2 days–12 years	children	341	13 (37%)	341	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[54]
	2004-2005	Urban	2 months to 6 years	children	242	18 (7.4%)	242	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	Nested PCR	1	[117]
	2009-2010	Rural	3 months to <5 years	children	260	30 (11.5%)	-	260	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[118]
Shanghai	2009-2012	Peri-urban	≤ 5 years	children	554	39 (7.0%)	554	-	Nasal, stool, whole blood	Respiratory tract infection	Real time PCR/ PCR	1	[29]
Spain	2005-2006	Urban	<3 years	children	527	48 (9.1%)	527	-	Stool, Nasal	Respiratory tract infection/diarrhea	PCR	1	[14]
Sweden	2000-2002	Urban	3 months to 15 years	children	259	49 (19%)	259	-	Nasal, serum	Respiratory tract infection	Real-time PCR	1	[42]
Taiwan	2008-2009	Peri-urban	5 months-9 years	children	705	35 (5%)	-	705	Throat	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[119]
Thailand	2006	Urban	1 month-9 years	children	252	18 (7%)	252	-	Nasal	Respiratory tract infection	PCR	1	[20]
	2005-2007	Peri-urban	2 months-5 years	children	427	2 (0.4%)	225	202	Stool	Diarrhea	PCR	1	[33]
Turkey	2015	Urban	Five months	children	1	1 (99%)	1	-	Nasal, stool	Respiratory tract infection/diarrhea	Multiplex PCR	1,2,3,4	[120]