Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Risk Factors among School Children in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya
Table 2
Univariable analysis of risk factors of S. mansoni and intestinal protozoa infections.
Characteristic
N = 180, n (%)
Univariable analysis [OR, -value]
S. mansoni (n = 127)
Any protozoan (n = 59)
G. intestinalis (n = 15)
E. histolytica/dispar (n = 22)
E. coli (n = 34)
Demographics
School
Mianya
60 (33.3)
Reference
Mbui Njeru
60 (33.3)
0.94,
0.80,
0.29,
2.75,
1.00,
Mukou
60 (33.3)
2.69,
0.58,
0.29,
1.00,
1.11,
Age group
<10 years
66 (36.7)
Reference
10–12 years
99 (55.0)
1.36,
1.20,
1.37,
1.39,
1.07,
>12 years
15 (8.3)
3.48,
1.15,
—
0.60,
1.13,
Gender
Female
90 (50.0)
Reference
Male
90 (50.0)
1.31,
0.95,
0.86,
0.66,
0.86,
Individual and household characteristics
Open defecation behavior
90 (50.8)
1.17,
0.66,
0.62,
0.34,
0.60,
Use of wiping material
63 (70.8)
1.56,
0.64,
2.16,
0.18,
0.61,
Contact with water bodies
160 (88.9)
0.78,
0.70,
1.82,
0.76,
0.49,
Eating unwashed food/fruits
46 (25.6)
1.25,
1.12,
0.71,
1.11,
0.87,
Handwashing after defecation at home
163 (90.6)
0.48,
0.51,
0.37,
0.40,
1.09,
Handwashing before eating at home
161 (89.4)
1.12,
0.82,
0.43,
0.71,
1.27,
Behavior of wearing shoes at home
162 (90.5)
1.77,
0.89,
0.65,
2.38,
0.74,
Presence of wiping material in the latrine
57 (31.7)
0.86,
0.92,
1.49,
0.59,
1.04,
Type of wiping material
Toilet paper
26 (45.6)
Reference
Leaves
2 (3.5)
0.37,
—
—
—
—
Newspaper
29 (50.9)
0.70,
0.85,
1.92,
0.57,
0.43,
Presence of a toilet handwashing station
163 (90.6)
1.42,
0.78,
0.41,
1.62,
0.85,
Damaged toilet structure
32 (17.8)
1.61,
0.63,
1.17,
0.70,
0.56,
Clean latrines
137 (76.1%)
1.21,
1.84,
—
1.47,
1.26,
Improved sources of water
65 (36.1)
1.45,
1.08,
1.19, p
1.56,
1.12,
Taken deworming medication
133 (73.9)
1.74,
0.81,
1.45,
0.46,
0.68,
Handwashing after defecation at school
155 (86.6)
1.22,
0.98,
1.00,
0.47,
1.20,
Handwashing before eating at school
159 (88.3)
0.95,
0.97,
0.85,
0.81,
2.39,
Behavior of wearing shoes at school
158 (88.3)
0.94,
0.32,
0.85,
0.82,
0.32,
Significant association (); —variable omitted because of insufficient observations.
