Journal of Tropical Medicine

Review Article

Medicinal Plants of Solanum Species: The Promising Sources of Phyto-Insecticidal Compounds

Table 5

Insecticidal efficacy of Solanaceae plant extracts and their fraction/compound as adulticides.


Solanum spp.	Part used	Target insect species	Effect	Extract/compound fraction	Bioactive compound	LC₅₀, LC₉₀	Reference

S. sisymbriifolium	F	Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae	Insecticidal	Total alkaloid fraction	Solamargineβ-solamarine	0.45–0.75 mg/ml	[53]
S. tuberosum	T	An. stephensi (malaria vector)Culex quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Mosquito-larvicidal	Aqueous, chloroform: methanol (1 : 1)	NI	1.18–1.30 mg/l	[54]
S. nigrum	B, L	An. stephensi (malaria vector)Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Mosquito-larvicidal	Silver nanoparticle (AgNP)	Alkaloids	1.26–2.44 ppm	[55]
S. villosum	B	Aedes aegypti (dengue vector)	Mosquito-larvicidal	Chloroform:methanol	Steroids	21.02 (3^rd instar) ppm	[90]
S. integrifolium	F	Spodoptera frugiperda	Insecticidal	Chitin-binding lectins (CBLs) and crude	Polysaccharide	1 µg/ml	[60]
S. xanthocarpum	L	Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Mosquito-larvicidal and pupicidal	Crude ethanolic	NI	155.3–448.4 ppm, 687.1–1,141.6 ppm	[61]
S. xanthocarpum	F	Ae. aegypti (dengue vector)	Mosquito-larvicidal and pupicidal	Crude ethanolic	SolanocarpidineSolanocarpine	253.2, 435.2 ppm79.5, 462.1 ppm	[63]
S. xanthocarpum	L	Cx. quinquefasciatus (filarial vector)	Mosquito repellent effect	Volatile oil	Volatile oil	8% repellency; 311 minutes of protection	[72]
S. trilobatum	L	An. stephensi (malaria vector)	Oviposition deterrent and skin repellent	Leaf extract	Volatile compounds	99.4% repellency; 123 minutes of protection	[72]
S. xanthocarpum	WP	Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Larvicidal and pupicidal	Chloroform fraction, crude	Quinine, terpenoids, and other compounds	227.9 ppm, 411.4 ppm	[91]
S. xanthocarpum	F, R	Culicine larvae	Larvicidal	Crude aqueous	AlkaloidsSaponins	∼100% mortality	[62]
S. trilobatum	L	Ae. aegypti (dengue vector)An. stephensi (malaria vector)Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Adulticidal	Crude methanolic	NI	116.6–127.8 ppm	[73]
S. nigrum	L	An. subpictus Cx. vishnui group	Larvicidal	Chloroform:methanol (1 : 1 v/v)	Phytosteroids	3.68–5.64 mg/l, 24.74–44.33 mg/l	[56]
S. villosum	L	Ae. aegypti (dengue vector)An. stephensi (malaria vector)Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Mosquito-larvicidal	Leaf protein	Polypeptides	644.7–747.2 ppm, 1,882.4–2,220.0 ppm	[90]
S. virginianum	WP	Ae. aegypti (dengue vector)	Insecticidal	Methanolic	NI	0.82 mg/ml	[92]
S. nigrum	B, L	Ae. aegypti (dengue vector)	Larvicidal	Crude	Eugenol (E)-6-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-3-heptene-2-one	Leaf: 9.8 ml/l, 26.4 ml/lGreen berry: 51.4 ml/l, 459.8 ml/lBlack berry: 9.9 ml/l, 56.1 ml/l	[93]
S. nigrum	L	Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Mosquito-larvicidal	Crude	AlkaloidsSteroids	0.08%, 0.37%	[57]
S. nigrum	B	Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Mosquito-larvicidal	Crude, chloroform: methanol (1 : 1, v/v)	Aromatic amide compounds	61.5 mg/l, 297.0 mg/l	[55]
S. xanthocarpum, Withania somnifera	F	Ae. aegypti (dengue vector)An. stephensi (malaria vector)Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Synergistic larvicidal	Crude aqueous	NI	SX: 48.4 mg/l, 218.2 mg/lSX : WS (1 : 1 v/v): 32.7 mg/l, 149.4 mg/lSX : WS (1 : 2 v/v): 22.9 mg/l, 109.8 mg/lSX : WS (1 : 3 v/v): 50.2 mg/l, 361.9 mg/l	[65]
S. xanthocarpum	WP	Ae. aegypti (dengue vector)An. culicifaciesAn. stephensi (malaria vector)Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Larvicidal	Methanolic	Edible oils	91.7–450.6 ppm, 379.0–1,881.0 ppm	[94]
S. xanthocarpum	NI	Ae. aegypti (dengue vector)Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Mosquito-larvicidal	Ethanolic	NI	788.10, 1288.91 mg/l,573.20, 1066.93 mg/l	[95]
S. mammosum	NI	Ae. aegypti (dengue vector)	Larvicidal	Aqueous silver nanoparticles	Steroidal alkaloids	1,631.3 ppm, 4,756.2 ppm; 0.06 ppm, 0.08 ppm	[76]
S. trilobatum	L	Ae. aegypti (dengue vector)Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Mosquito-larvicidal	Acetone	Cyclodecanol and other compounds	189.5 ppm, 444.3 ppm167.4 ppm, 371.8 ppm	[74]
S. trilobatum	AP	Cx. quinquefasciatus (filarial vector)	Mosquito-larvicidal	Acetone, chloroform, petroleum ether	NI	Acetone: 186.4 mg/l, 366.5 mg/lChloroform: 346.1 mg/l, 595.6 mg/lPetroleum ether: 165.0 mg/l, 293.5 mg/l	[96]
S. xanthocarpum	R	An. stephensi (malaria vector)	Larvicidal	Petroleum ether	NI	0.93 ppm, 8.48 ppm	[67]
S. xanthocarpum	R	An. stephensi (malaria vector)	Larvicidal	Petroleum ether with temephos (1 : 1)	NI	0.02 ppm, 0.09 ppm	[69]
S. xanthocarpum	F	An. stephensi (malaria vector)Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Larvicidal	Carbon tetrachloridepetroleum ether	NI	1.27 ppm, 59.45 ppm	[97]
S. xanthocarpum	R	Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Larvicidal	Petroleum ether	NI	38.48 ppm, 80.83 ppm	[66]
S. xanthocarpum	R	Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Larvicidal	Temephos:plant (1 : 1)	NI	0.01 ppm, 0.02 ppm	[67]
S. xanthocarpum	F, R	Ae. aegypti (dengue vector)An. culicifaciesAn. stephensi (malaria vector)	Larvicidal	Fruit, root	NI	0.05–1.16 ppm, 0.22–3.58 ppm	[98]
S. villosum	L	Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Larvicidal	Chloroform:methanol (1 : 1 v/v)	NI	39.19 ppm	[58]
S. villosum	L	An. subpictus	Larvicidal	Chloroform-methanol	Glycoalkaloids	23.47–30.63 ppm	[59]
S. lycopersicum	L	Culex and Aedes spp.	Larvicidal	Aqueous ethanolic	NI	100% mortality at 250 ppm	[77]
S. nigrum	L	Ae. aegypti (dengue vector)An. culicifacies Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Larvicidal	Crude aqueous	NI	0.027–0.032%, 0.027–0.212%	[99]
S. elaeagnifolium	F	Blattella germanica	Repellent effect	Ethanolic, hexane	NI	50 mg/ml	[100]
S. elaeagnifolium	L, B	An. labranchiae	Larvicidal effect	Aqueous, ethanolic	Glycoalkaloid extracts	LC₉₀ (24 h) 209.8, 123.4 ppm	[78]
S. elaeagnifolium		Fasciola hepaticaGalba truncatula Müll.	Molluscicidal activity	Total saponin fractionTotal alkaloid fraction	β-solamarine	0.94 mg/L14.67 mg/L	[101]
S. incanum	F, L	Amitermes messinaeMicrotermes najdensis	Insecticidal	Crude hexane	β-chaconine, α-solanine	40% mortality at 67.5 µg/ml	[80]
S. jasminoides	WP	Phlebotomus papatasi (Leishmania vector)	Larvicidal and repellent effect	Branch	NI	Median survival = 8 days (confidence interval: 17.1–18.9)	[83]
S. nigrum	F	Ae. aegypti (dengue vector)An. culicifacies AAn. culicifacies CAn. stephensi (malaria vector)Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Mosquito-larvicidal	Aqueous, hexane	NI	<20 ppm, <100 ppm	[102]
S. pseudocapsicum	NI	Helicoverpa armigeraSpodoptera litura	Antifeedant, insecticidal	Ethyl acetate (5%)	NI	Maximum insecticidal = 66.5–75.3%	[103]
S. pseudocapsicum	L, SD	Agrotis ipsilon	Antifeedant, insecticidal	Ethyl acetate (5%)	NI	Maximum insecticidal = 60.1%	[104]
S. nigrum	L, F	Ae. caspiusCx. pipiens	Larvicidal	70% ethanolic	NI	3.37 mg/l	[105, 106]
S. surattense	F, L, R, S	Callosobruchus chinensis	Pesticidal	Aqueous extract, aqueous suspension	NI	Reduction in oviposition = 2–5 eggs/pair	[84]
S. surattense and S. trilobatum	L	Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Insecticidal	Ethyl acetate, petroleum ether	NI	46.04 ppm	[107]
S. torvum	L	An. stephensi (malaria vector)Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Larvicidal	Methanolic	NI	(LC₉₀) 70.38–210.68 ppm	[85]
S. trilobatum	L, SD	Hippobosca maculata	Insecticidal	Hexane	NI	495.61–432.77 ppm,1,914.84–1,872.33 ppm	[75]
S. verbasicum	L	Cx. quinquefasciatus (filaria vector)	Larvicidal	Various solvents	NI	100% mortality at 72 hours	[86]
S. tuberosum	T	Leptinotarsa decemlineataEmpoasca fabae	Insecticidal	Crude sample	ChaconineSolanine	100% defoliation	[108]
S. laxum	WP	Schizaphis graminum	Insecticidal	Steroidal glycoalkaloid fraction	Laxumin A and B	4.3 μM and 6.1 μM	[81]
S. laxum	AP	Schizaphis graminum	Insecticidal	Ethanolic	Luciamin	70% mortality at 24 hours	[82]
S. nigrum	B	Cx. quinquefasciatus	Mosquito-larvicidal	Chloroform: methanol (1 : 1, v/v) solvent	NI	80% mortality at 72 hours	[57]
Solanum steroidal alkaloids and glycoalkaloids	SA	Tribolium castaneum	Larvicidal	Isolated compounds in diet	Steroidal glycoalkaloids	89–100% larvicidal effect	[109]
S. nigrum	L	Lymnaea acuminata Cx. vishnui(vector of Japanese encephalitis)	Mosquito-larvicidal	Aqueous	Aliphatic amide compounds	LC₅₀ 55.45 and 11.59 ppm, respectively at 72 h.	[70]
S. nigrum	L	Cx. quinquefasciatus	Mosquito-larvicidal	Ethyl acetate	Glucosisaustrin	32–48% mortality at 72 hours of 4th larval instars	[71]
S. asperum	L	Biomphalaria glabrata	Molluscicidal activity	Methanolic extractAlkaloidal fractionSolanandaineSolasonineSolamargine	SolanandaineSolasonineSolamargine	LC9044.1;17.3399.772.063.6	[87]
Nicotiana glauca	L	Pieris rapae	Larvicidal effect	Total alkaloid anabasine	Anabasine	EC50-1.202 mg/larva 0.572 mg/larva	[88]
S. elaeagnifolium	S, L	Tribolium castaneum	Insecticidal (repellent assay)	Methanol (seed and leaves)	Glycoalkaloids	% repellent effect:Seeds: 94% after 2 hrsLeaves: 74% after 2 hrs	[89]

AP: aerial part; B: berry; F: fruit; FL: flower; L: leaf; LC₅₀: 50% lethal concentration; LC90: 90% lethal concentration; LC₁₀₀: 100% lethal concentration; mg/l: milligrams per liter; mg/ml: milligrams per milliliter; ml/l milliliter per liter; µg/ml: micrograms per milliliter; μM: micromoles; NI: not identified; ppm: parts per million; R: root; S: stem; SA: Solanum alkaloids; SD: seed; SX: S. xanthocarpum; T: tuber; v/v: volume/volume; WP: whole plant; WS: W. somnifera.