Natural Products for Cancer Therapy: A Review of Their Mechanism of Actions and Toxicity in the Past Decade

Table 5

The anticancer effects of thymoquinone on different cell lines.

Cancer type	Cell line	Effects	Reference
Bladder	HTB-9	Attenuation of PI3K/AKT pathway, antiproliferation, inhibition of epithelial-mesenchymal transition	[118]
Breast	MCF-7	Induced phosphorylation of MAPK and p38, ROS production, antiproliferation, apoptosis,	[119]
	MDA-MB-231	Induced phosphorylation of p38, antitumour in vivo	[119]
	MDA-MB-468, T-47D cells	G1 phase arrest, upregulation of Bax, downregulation of surviving, apoptosis, inhibition of Akt	[120]
	BT549	Reduction of TWIST1 expression, anti-invasion, antimetastasis	[121]
Cholangiocarcinomas	TFK-1, HuCCT1	G2/M arrest, inactivation of PI3K/Akt and NF-ĸB pathways	[122]
Colon	Caco-2, HCT-116, LoVo, HT-29	Antiproliferation	[123]
	DLD-1	Antiproliferation, apoptosis, phosphorylation of MAPK, ERK, JNK, and p38	[123]
Glioblastoma	U-87, CCF-STTG1	Cytotoxicity, antimigration, anti-invasion, antiadhesion, reduction of FAK phosphorylation and ERK expression	[124]
Lung	A549	Reduction of ERK phosphorylation, antiproliferation, antimigration, anti-invasion, inhibition of p16, MMP2, MMP9	[125]