Natural Products for Cancer Therapy: A Review of Their Mechanism of Actions and Toxicity in the Past Decade

Table 8

Different toxicity studies of the phytochemicals on animal models which are under this review.

Compound	Animal model	Type of assessment	Administration route	Behavioral changes	Hematological changes	Biochemical changes	Histopathological changes	References
1′-S-1′- acetoxychavicol acetate	Sprague-Dawley rats	Acute and 28-day subacute toxicity	Intravenous	No lethality or behavioural changes	All the haematological parameters, were within normal ranges	Significant increase in total protein, albumin and globulin	Mild focal inflammation of kidneys and lobular hepatitis	[148]
Genistein	Wistar rats	Acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity	Oral	Slightly decreased food consumption and body weight at the highest doses	Decrease in RBCs at the high doses with an increase in reticulocytes.	A slight increase in gamma glutamyl transferase at the high doses	No treatment-related histopathological changes in these studies	[149]
Genistein	Swiss albino mice	Acute toxicity	Intraperitoneal	Not assessed	Not assessed	Elevated ALT, AST, and ALP levels	Degenerated liver tissue and hepatotoxicity	[150]
Thymoquinone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier	Sprague Dawley rats	Acute toxicity	Intravenous	No significant changes in body weight, food intake.	No changes were reported	No significant differences in ALP, ALT, creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin and total bilirubin	Sec-tions of kidneys and liver showed no abnormality/alterations	[151]
Thymoquinone	Swiss albino mice	Acute and sub-chronic toxicity study	Oral	Hypoactivity and difficulty in respiration at high doses	Increase in urea and creatinine. Significant decrease in fasting plasma glucose level	Increase in ALT, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase	Significant reduction in tissue (liver, kidneys, and heart)	[152]
Ursolic acid	Han–Wistar rats	Repeated dose (90 days) toxicity	Oral	No toxicological changes were observed	Platelet count was significantly increased in comparison with the control. No other changes were observed	No changes	No changes	[153]
Ursolic acid	Swiss mice	28-day toxicity	Oral	No changes	Ursolic acid revealed elevated neutrophil count. Urea elevation	Not assessed	Alterations in the architecture of the liver, kidney, and spleen tissues	[154]