Prevalence and Predictors of Thyroid Dysfunction in Patients with HIV Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: An Indian Perspective
Table 2
Thyroid function profile of patients with immune reconstitution activation syndrome (IRIS) as compared to those without.
Parameter
History of IRIS ()
Patients without history of IRIS ()
value
Age (years)
39 41
36 49
0.049
Sex (male : female)
99 : 40
126 : 94
0.007
Duration of HIV infection (months)
56 168
55 137
0.667
Body mass index
21.58 23.81
21.94 30.48
0.002
History of tuberculosis
70 (50.36%)
75 (34.09%)
0.002
History of opportunistic fungal infections
3 (2.16%)
1 (0.45%)
0.134
History of viral infections
1 (0.72%)
7 (3.18%)
0.123
HAART
124
195
0.867
Nature of HAART
NRTI
123
195
1
NNRTI
118
187
1
PI
16
3
<0.001
CD4 cell count (at diagnosis)
135 192
258 1922
<0.001
CD4 cell count (6–12 months after diagnosis)
311 657
266 1625
0.144
CD4 cell count (at present)
439 1068
389 1355
0.005
Free T3 (pg/mL)
3.53 (0.67)
3.41 (0.58)
0.036
Free T4 (ng/dL)
0.87 (0.23)
0.87 (0.17)
0.933
TSH (mIU/L)
2.77 26.72
2.99 19
0.334
Anti-TPO antibody (U/mL)
33 175.75
31 144.59
0.431
Anti-TPO positivity (>50 U/mL)
6 (4.32%)
8 (7.27%)
0.745
Calcium (mg/dL)
9.2 (0.56)
9.15 (0.59)
0.530
Phosphate (mg/dL)
3.71 (0.61)
3.53 (0.56)
0.031
ALP (U/L)
131 (60.41)
123.22 (39.26)
0.291
25OHD (ng/mL)
18.23 74.9
19.7 62
0.335
Euthyroidism
107 (76.98%)
162 (73.64%)
0.477
Overt primary hypothyroidism
1 (0.72%)
4 (1.82%)
0.386
Subclinical hypothyroidism
18 (12.95%)
35 (15.91%)
0.441
Subclinical hyperthyroidism
0
0
—
Overt hyperthyroidism
0
2 (0.91%)
—
Sick euthyroid syndrome/central hypothyroidism
7 (5.04%)
9 (4.09%)
0.666
Low TSH with normal free T4
5 (3.60%)
6 (2.73%)
0.641
Isolated low free T4
1 (0.72%)
2 (0.91%)
0.848
All continuous variables expressed as mean (standard deviation); all nonnormally distributed variable expressed as median range; all discreet variables have been expressed as absolute numbers (percentage); Wilcoxon rank sum test was done for analysis; normally distributed continuous variables were analyzed using unpaired -test; normality checked using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; considered statistically significant; value calculated using Chi-square test; viral infections include hepatitis-B, hepatitis-C; HAART: highly active antiretroviral therapy; NRTI: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; NNRTI: nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PI: protease inhibitors; zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC), stavudine (d4T), and/or tenofovir (TDF) were the NRTIs received by the patients; nevirapine (NVP) or efavirinez (EFV) was NNRTIs received by the patients; atazanavir (ATV) or ritonavir (RTV) was the PI received by the patients; 25OHD: 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D; IRIS: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome; ALP: alkaline phosphate.
