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| Reference | Study design | Patient characteristics | Immunodiagnostic findings | Graft outcomes | Conclusions/additional comments |
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| Bunnag et al. [59] | Retrospective | 77 pts (42 with BPAR) | Higher levels of Foxp3 transcripts associated with acute TCMR and AMR in the univariate but not in the multivariate analysis | No relationship was found between Foxp3 expression and graft outcomes. Only C4d positivity and inflammation biomarkers related to outcomes in their multivariate analysis | Foxp3 expression accompanies the inflammatory process rather than being a marker of alloimmunity |
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| Veronese et al. [60] | Retrospective | 73 pts (59 with BPAR) | High expression of Foxp3 was associated with acute TCMR but not with AMR | 2-year graft survival was worse in pts with BPAR and higher Fopx3 expression | No prognostic value was given to the analysis of Foxp3 expression in patients with BPAR/differentiation of authentic Tregs from recently activated Foxp3+ T cells could have been useful to understand their results |
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| Taflin et al. [61] | Retrospective | 24 biopsies with graft dysfunction (12 with BPAR and 12 with borderline rejection) and 16 protocol biopsies at 1-year posttransplantation | Treg infiltrates were higher in borderline rejection and SCR compared to patients with acute TCMR | | Tregs may have a beneficial role against overt rejection. The authors questioned the diagnostic value of Treg identification for the diagnosis of rejection |
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| Batsford et al. [62] | Retrospective | 32 biopsies taken on 23 pts (16 biopsies with BPAR) | No relation of Foxp3+ Tregs detection with acute rejection | No prognostic value of the measurement of Tregs at one-year posttransplantation | Measurement of Tregs has no diagnostic nor prognostic value/only Banff type 1 acute TCMR was included, and biopsies with higher grades of rejection and likely larger infiltrates were excluded, which likely biased their results |
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| Kollins et al. [63] | Prospective | 55 pts (29 protocol biopsies with no rejection, and 26 indication biopsies with BPAR) | No association between numbers of infiltrating Tregs and diagnosis of rejection | No correlation between Treg infiltrates and kidney function at 1- and 2-year posttransplantation | Measurement of Tregs has no diagnostic nor prognostic value/in the protocol biopsy group, biopsies devoid of significant inflammatory infiltrate and those with infiltrate not diagnostic of acute rejection were excluded, which likely biased their results |
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