|
| Assessment type | Purpose | Components | Scoring | Comments | References |
|
| Frailty |
| Fried Frailty Phenotype (FFP) | Determine if an individual is frail, nonfrail, or at risk of becoming frail | Unintentional weight loss
Poor endurance (self-reported exhaustion)
Slowness (walking speed)
Weakness (grip strength)
Low physical activity level | Test score range: 0–5
Frail: ≥3 criteria present
Prefrail: 1-2 criteria present
Nonfrail: 0 criteria present | Access to dynamometer and stopwatch
Walking space to measure gait speed | Fried et al., 2001 [4]
McAdams-DeMarco et al., 2019 [5]
McAdams-DeMarco et al., 2018 [6] |
| Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) | Determine an individual’s frailty status | Gait speed
Standing balance test
Chair rise test | Test score range: 0–12 (each component scored 0–3)
Frail: ≤9
Nonfrail: >9 | Access to chair and stopwatch
Walking space to measure gait speed | Bandinelli et al., 2006 [7]
Chen et al., 2022 [8]
Nastasi et al., 2018 [9] |
| Frailty Index (FI)/Deficit Accumulation Index (DAI) | Determine an individual’s frailty status based on accumulation of deficits | Vary in components measured number of itemized variables. Typically, the index contains somewhere from 30 to 70 items. | Higher proportion of deficit present equates to a higher likelihood that individual will be frail | Variability in assessment types and number of variables
Combined with other assessments such as the FI-CGA (frailty index combined with the comprehensive geriatric assessment) | Rockwood et al., 2007 [10]
Varughese et al., 2021 [11] |
| Biomarker-Based Frailty Index | Determine an individual’s frailty status based on biomarker blood concentrations | Evaluation of blood biomarker concentrations (inflammatory, immune, hormone) | Varies depending on biomarkers used and patient population | Cutoff values vary
Biomarkers are a naturally part of aging and usage of this index would require coinciding with another frailty index | Haugen et al., 2021 [12]
Mitnitski et al., 2015 [13]
Baylis et al., 2013 [14] |
|
| Sarcopenia |
| Computed tomography (CT) | To quantify muscle mass in a patient | 4th lumbar vertebrae abdominal CT scan to obtain paraspinal muscle surface area | Muscle mass was quantified by a skilled professional using an equation cited by Shen et al. [15] | Requires appropriate personal and financial resources
Not feasible or practical for critically ill patients or busy treatment areas | Shen et al., 2004 [15]
Kashani et al., 2017 [16]
Wong et al., 2022 [17] |
| Sarcopenia Index (SI) | To provide an alternative method of quantifying muscle mass other than through CT or MRI | Serum creatinine to serum cystatin C ratio × 100 | No definite ranges for patients; however, it is noted that SI is directly related to creatinine from muscles, so lower SI is suggested with reduced muscle mass | Cannot be applied to patients with acute kidney disease | Kashani et al., 2017 [16]
Barreto et al., 2019 [18] |
| Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) | To quantify muscle mass through the resistance of current run through the body | BIA analyzer and electrodes | Muscle mass was calculated by an equation cited by Janssen et al. [19] | Validity depends on hydration status | Janssen et al., 2000 [19]
Pereira et al., 2015 [20] |
|
| Nutrition |
| Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) | To assess an elderly frail person’s psychosocial, medical, and functional ability in order to develop a long-term care plan | Intensity of assessment can vary, where the most intense can include admission into a medical facility, where the patient completes the assessment and receives limited treatment from an interdisciplinary team | Varies | Can be costly and time intensive | Rubenstein et al., 1991 [21]
Vettoretti et al., 2020 [22] |
| Malnutrition inflammation score (MIS) | To assess malnutrition and inflammation among dialysis patients to evaluate clinical outcomes | Contains 10 components with 4 levels of intensity within each component. The lowest score is 0 and highest score is 3 for each component | >7 is considered is malnourished
Maximum score is 30 | May not correlate completely with other laboratory and clinical measurements | Kalantar-Zadeh et al., 2001 [23]
Vettoretti et al., 2020 [22] |
| 7-point subjective global assessment (SGA) tool | Evaluates nutritional status based on standardized values | Considers 4 domains: weight change history, physical examination for fat loss, history of diet and gastrointestinal issues, and muscle wasting | <3 is considered severely malnourished
Maximum score is 7 | High intr-observer reliability suggests follow-up assessments | Visser et al., 1999 [24]
Windahl et al., 2021 [25]
Windahl et al., 2018 [26] |
|
| Cognition |
| Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) | To examine one’s mental state, more specifically the cognitive aspects of mental functions | 11-question measure used to test 5 domains of cognition: recall, language, registration, orientation, and calculation and attention | ≤23 is indicative of cognitive impairment
Maximum score is 30 | Does not equal a diagnosis for a mental condition | Folstein et al., 1975 [27]
Vettoretti et al., 2020 [22]
Nixon et al., 2020 [28] |
| Modified Mini Mental State (3MS) | Improved MMSE | Additional test items to test for a larger variety of one’s functional cognition | The maximum score is now 100 | More sensitivity compared to MMSE | Teng and Chui, 1987 [29]
Burns et al., 2018 [30]
Chu et al., 2019 [31]
Haugen et al., 2018 [32] |
|
| Depression |
| Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) | Determines the presence and severity of depression within an individual | 21-item inventory that includes sadness, self-criticalness, loss of pleasure, and guilty feelings | Total score range: 0–63 (each item scored 0–3)
Nondepressed: 0–12
Dysphoric: 13–19
Dysphoric or depressed: 20–63 | Scores may be affected by social desirability bias | Dozois et al., 1998 [33]
García-Batista et al., 2018 [34]
Duan et al., 2021 [35] |
| GDS-15 (Geriatric Depression Scale-15) | Screens for the presence of depression within the elderly population | 15-item assessment consisting of questions pertaining to self and self in relation to others answered in a “yes/no” format | Total score range: 0–15 (each question scored 0 or 1)
Normal: 0–4
Mild depression: 5–9
Moderate to severe depression: 10–15 | Decreased completion rate with decreased cognitive function | Conradsson et al., 2013 [36]
Feng et al., 2013 [37]
Wang et al., 2019 [38] |
|
| Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) |
| RAND 36-Item Health Survey Version 1.0 (SF-36) | Determine the health status of the population of interest and evaluate the effect of healthcare interventions | 36-item assessment that covers 8 health concepts: physical functioning, bodily pain, role limitations due to physical health, role limitations due to emotional problems, emotional wellbeing, social functioning, energy/fatigue, general health perception | Assessment scored 0 (worst health) to 100 (best health) | Accounts for the variation in the number of chronic illnesses
Assessment may be limited to be taken by individuals with higher cognitive and physical functioning | Hays et al., 1993 [39]
VanderZee et al., 1996 [40]
Andresen 1999 [41]
Muflih et al., 2021 [42] |
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