Abstract
The effects of magnetic vortex acceleration (MVA) are investigated with two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations by laser interaction with near-critical density (NCD) plasma inside a hollow conical plasma. Energetic and collimated proton beams can be accelerated by a longitudinal charge-separation field. Energetic protons with a peak energy of 220 MeV are produced in PIC simulations. Compared with a uniform NCD plasma, both the cutoff energy and collimation of proton beams are improved remarkably. Furthermore, the influence of different gap sizes of cone tip is taken into account. For optimizing magnetic vortex acceleration, the gap size of the cone tip is suggested to match the focal spot size of laser pulse.
1. Introduction
Ion acceleration driven by ultraintense laser pulse has huge potential advantages and a wide promising application prospect [1–3], such as proton imaging [4], hadron therapy [5], tabletop particle accelerator [6], and fast ignition of inertial confinement fusion [7, 8]. In recent years, the laser-driven high-energy ion acceleration has made much progress, and a number of researchers have explored key physical issues and techniques for obtaining high-energy ions [9–11]. At present, the acceleration mechanisms widely studied include target normal sheath acceleration (TNSA) [12, 13], radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) [14, 15], collisionless shock acceleration (CSA) [16, 17], magnetic vortex acceleration (MVA) [18–20], and so on. In these regimes, the MVA regime has an advantage in collimation, which is the potential to medical application of proton beam and beam transmission. It has been presented that the maximum ion energy can reach the GeV level with PW level laser in previous and computer simulations [21–23]. It is worth noting that NCD targets attracted extensive attention not only in the field of ion acceleration [24] but also in the study on brilliant gamma-ray and the generation of electron-positron pair [25].
The physical interpretation of the magnetic vortex acceleration mechanism is about the interaction between the ultraintense laser pulses and NCD plasmas. When a high-intense laser pulse propagates through a NCD target, electrons are expelled away from their initial positions, and as a result, a low-density channel is formed in the plasma. The electrons are accelerated in the direction of laser pulse propagation owing to the ponderomotive force [26]. Accordingly, the electron currents flow along the central axis and the corresponding return currents flow in the channel wall. These electron currents generate a magnetic field, circulating inside the channel around its axis. The magnetic field appears as a form of a dipole in (a toroidal vortex in ) moving behind the pulse. As the laser pulse exits the channel, the magnetic field quickly expands from the channel into vacuum. The magnetic pressure pushes out electrons causing a decreasing of the electron density. The charge-separation of electrons and ions forms a strong quasistatic electric field at the rear of the target, producing a collimated beam of high-energy protons.
Although there have been numerous theoretical and experimental studies of the MVA scheme, several problems remain unsolved [27, 28]. In view of that MVA scheme requires the optimal coupling condition between plasma density and length and laser power, as of yet, it has not been reported to achieve successful experiments since the parameters of plasma and laser cannot be manipulated with such precision. In those simulations, protons of MeV to GeV level energy were reached, and the required laser pulses were supposed to have hundreds of terawatts even petawatt power. It has been proposed in the previous study [28] that an enhanced magnetic vortex acceleration (EMVA) can be obtained using an advanced target where the near-critical density plasma is transversely confined between the high-Z dense wires. Such a scheme makes it possible that the magnetic vortex structure formed and the induced electrostatic field become much enhanced and stabilized.
In this study, a NCD plasma inside a conical target is introduced to improve magnetic vortex acceleration (MVA). In view of this, we utilize a hollow high-Z metal cone, which is open at both ends, to confine the near-critical plasma forming a conical target in order that the property of proton beam is able to get improvement. Two-dimensional particle-in-cell (2D PIC) simulations are carried out to investigate a laser pulse interacting with such a novel target. Simulations show the enhancement of magnetic vortex acceleration compared with a uniform NCD plasma. Both the cutoff energy and collimation of proton beams are improved remarkably.
The study is organized as follows. In Section 2, we present the simulation setup and the parameter space of PIC simulations. The simulation results are presented in Section 3. The summary and conclusion are in Section 4.
2. Simulation Setup
In this study, two-dimensional simulations are carried out with PIC codes named EPOCH [29]. The size of the simulation domain is , and it is divided into cells, where is the vacuum laser wavelength. The grid mesh spacing is enough to resolve the minimum characteristic scale of the problem. The left boundary conditions of fields are so-called simple-laser, the top, bottom, and right conditions of fields, and the boundaries of particles are all open. A p-polarized laser pulse with wavelength of and waist is incident from the left boundary of the simulation domain. It is focused to a focal spot at a distance of from the left boundary. The laser pulse has a Gaussian spatial profile, and the pulse duration is , where is the laser period. The peak intensity is , corresponding to the normalized vector potential .
The NCD plasma target consisted of electrons and fully ionized hydrogen. Its left boundary is placed at , that is, the laser is focused at the front of the target. The length of the target between both ends is , and the left end extends to the transverse boundaries of the simulation region. The density is , where is the critical density, is the electron mass, and is the unit charge, respectively. It has been confirmed that the acceleration effectiveness has a strong dependence on the target thickness and density for a given laser power, which is based on a simple analytical model for the behavior of the EM wave inside a waveguide. Thus, the target parameters in our simulations follow the optimum condition for MVA acceleration according to previous works [22, 27], where is the laser pulse length, is the laser pulse duration, is the geometrical factor for cases, is the laser power, is the critical power for relativistic self-focusing, is the electron number density, and is the speed of light in vacuum. A hollow high-Z metal cone, which is open at both ends, is used to confine near-critical plasmas. The high-Z cone is composed of uniform aluminum plasmas with a thickness of , which has the same longitudinal length with the NCD plasma target. For the convenience of computation, the electron density of the high-Z cone is set to be . The target configuration is shown in Figure 1. The gap size of the cone tip is equal to the diameter of the laser focal spot.
3. Simulation Results
The density profiles of proton and electron, the longitudinal electric field, the z-component of magnetic field, and the currents in x-axis direction at obvious vortex structure formation stage are presented to illustrate the MVA process. With the same setup including the laser and plasma parameters, the simulation of conventional MVA with a uniform rectangle target is performed as a comparison. The time-averaged electric field and magnetic field in conical target case are shown in Figures 2(a) and 2(b). The electric field and magnetic field are normalized by and , respectively. It is clear that the electric field and magnetic field are located at the rear side of the target in uniform rectangle target case, however, near the end of the cone in conical target case.
As shown in Figures 2(c) and 2(f), the current density along the central axis of the channel is approximately equal to the return current flowing in the walls of the channel, which can screen the magnetic field outside the channel. The electromagnetic energy is perfectly confined inside the self-generated channel, as discussed in previous studies [30]. The self-generated magnetic field plays an important role in proton acceleration by the MVA mechanism. It can be clearly seen that the growth of the electric field is related to the expansion of the magnetic field. The magnetic field pushes out electrons causing a long-living positively charged region and induces a longitudinal electric field. This structure moves together with the expanding dipole vortex. The resulting charge-separation electric field will accelerate and collimate ions from the thin filament. As mentioned in [19], the electric field moves together with the expanding magnetic dipole vortex, and the background ions located ahead of the electric field are reflected by the moving potential and gain velocity which is roughly twice the velocity of vortex. It is easy to notice the approximately similar distributions pattern between self-generated magnetic field and electric field . By comparison, the magnetic field in conical target is attached the cone wall, and the electric field is more concentrated. In the density profile of proton, a proton filament is produced along the laser axis behind the cone tip gap.
Figure 3 shows the electron and proton density profile of two cases at , which are normalized by . The laser pulse passes through plasma and creates a channel in both electron and ion density. There forms a thin proton filament along the central axis. The protons from the filamentation get acceleration by the longitudinal quasistatic electric field. It can be seen that the density of filament near the cone tip is higher than that in the rear of uniform rectangle target.
The snapshots of phase space of protons in the uniform rectangle target and the conical target at are shown in Figure 4. The phase plot of proton displays a ramp momentum distribution, which indicates that the acceleration of the proton occurs behind the target. As shown in Figure 4(a), it can be noted that the maximum proton momentum in conical target reaches and the corresponding proton energy is approximately , which is consistent with the cutoff energy of the energy spectrum shown in Figure 5. The maximum proton momentum in uniform rectangle target is in Figure 4(b), obviously lower than that in conical target. The difference of both cases approaches about .
(a)
(b)
In Figure 6, angular divergence is displayed between these two cases. The r target represents the uniform rectangle target and the c target represents the conical target. Such a narrow angular dispersion is the typical characteristic feature of MVA, which makes it possible to get a promising candidate for an ion source for hadron cancer therapy [31]. Apparently, the angular distribution of proton beams from conical target is more concentrated to the central axis. Meanwhile, the number of protons within divergence angle in the conical target is larger than that in the uniform rectangle target. It is evident that the confinement effect of conical target helps to improve the collimation of proton beams.
Finally, in order to investigate the effect of different gap sizes of cone tip to MVA, our simulations are carried out for several cases corresponding , in which the gap size is of the order of the diameter of the laser focal spot size. The energy spectra of accelerated protons in different cases are shown in Figure 5. It can be clearly seen that the proton cutoff energy in the conical target is higher than that in the rectangle target. However, as the gap width decreases from to , the cutoff energy decreases. Obviously, smaller gap sizes of cone tip do not mean more enhanced MVA. It can be explained that small gap may make against the formation of plasmas channel, and thus, MVA would be affected. Therefore, it is suggested that gap size of cone tip prefers to be the size of the laser focal spot.
4. Summary
The effects of a NCD plasma with a conical target or a uniform rectangle target on the MVA mechanism are studied in this study. The simulations are carried out for a tightly focused high-intensity laser pulse interaction with near-critical density plasma inside a hollow conical target. The results prove that the conical guiding structure is helpful for the generation of high-energy protons. For typical laser and plasma parameters, the magnetic vortex structure forms at the density gradient and induces charge-separation electric field between electrons and protons to accelerate protons to a peak energy of . It also shows the enhancement of magnetic vortex acceleration on the collimation and cutoff energy of proton beams. By using conical target, the near-critical density plasmas are confined in a high-Z cone. The electric field and magnetic field at the rear side of the target get more localized. As a result, the accelerated protons get more collimated and more energetic. Besides, the optimal gap size of conical target tip is supposed to match the size of the laser focal spot in order to improve MVA.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11875091 and 11975059) and the Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory at CAEP (JCKYS2019212012).