Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a widespread human pathogen causing peptic ulcers and chronic gastritis. Maintaining nickel homeostasis is crucial for the establishment of 
H. pylori infection in humans. We used immobilized-nickel affinity chromatography to isolate Ni-related proteins from H. pylori cell extracts. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were employed to separate and identify twenty two Ni-interacting proteins in H. pylori. These Ni-interacting proteins can be classified into several general functional categories, including cellular processes (HspA, HspB, TsaA, and NapA), enzymes (Urease, Fumarase, GuaB, Cad, PPase, and DmpI), membrane-associated proteins (OM jhp1427 and HpaA), iron storage protein (Pfr), and hypothetical proteins (HP0271, HP jhp0216, HP jhp0301, HP0721, HP0614, and HP jhp0118). The implication of these proteins in nickel homeostasis is discussed.

Xuesong  Sun

Ruiguang  Ge

Jen-Fu  Chiu

Hongzhe  Sun

Qing-Yu  He

Identification of Proteins Related to Nickel Homeostasis in Helicobater pylori by Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

Three novel zinc(II) phthalocyanines substituted with one or two 3,4,5-tris(3,6,9-trioxadecoxy)benzoxy group(s) have been prepared and spectroscopically characterized. These compounds are highly soluble and remain nonaggregated in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-dimethylformamide. Upon excitation, they exhibit a relatively weak fluorescence emission and high efficiency to generate singlet oxygen compared with the unsubstituted zinc(II) phthalocyanine. These amphiphilic photosensitizers formulated with Cremophor EL are highly photocytotoxic against HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma and HepG2 human hepatocarcinoma cells. The mono-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03B1;</mml:mi></mml:math>-substituted analogue 4 is particularly potent with <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>IC</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>50</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> values as low as 0.02&#x2009;<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03BC;</mml:mi></mml:math>M.
The higher photodynamic activity of this compound can be attributed to its lower aggregation tendency in the culture media as shown by absorption spectroscopy and higher cellular uptake as suggested by the stronger intracellular fluorescence, resulting in a higher efficiency to generate reactive oxygen species inside the cells.

Jian-Yong  Liu

Xiong-Jie  Jiang

Wing-Ping  Fong

Dennis K. P. Ng

Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Photodynamic Activity of Novel Amphiphilic Zinc(II) Phthalocyanines Bearing Oxyethylene-Rich Substituents

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for tri-O-acetyladenosine (TOAA), PPM(TOAA), was prepared by the combined use of methacrylic acid (MAA) and Zn(II)tetra(4&#x27;-methacryloxyphenoxy) phthalocyanine as functional monomers. This MIP exhibited a higher binding ability for TOAA compared to the MIP prepared using only MAA, PM(TOAA), in batch rebinding tests. Scatchard analysis gave a higher association constant of PPM(TOAA) for TOAA <mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>2.96</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#x00D7;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>10</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:msup><mml:mtext>&#x2009;M</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2212;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> than that of 
PM(TOAA) <mml:math id="E2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.48</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#x00D7;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mn>10</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:msup><mml:mtext>&#x2009;M</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x2212;</mml:mo><mml:mtext>1</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>. The MIP prepared using only the zinc-phthalocyanine, PP(TOAA), did not show any binding capacity for TOAA. This means that the phthalocyanine in the MIP contributes to higher affinities, although it barely interacts with TOAA. Since selectivity for this kind of MIPs is more important than binding affinity, the binding of TOAA and a structurally related compound, tri-O-acetyluridine (TOAU), on the polymers was investigated. Both PPM(TOAA) and PM(TOAA) exhibited binding affinities for TOAA while they did not show any binding capacity for TOAU.

Luigia Longo

Giuseppe Vasapollo

Phthalocyanine-Based Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Nucleoside Receptors

The synthesis, structure, electrochemistry, and biological studies of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes of thiocarbohydrazone ligand are described. The ligand is synthesized starting from thiocarbohydrazide and isatin. It is evident from the IR data that in all the complexes, only one part of the ligand is coordinated to the metal ion resulting mononuclear complexes. The ligand coordinates essentially through the carbonyl oxygen of the isatin fragment, the nitrogen atom of the azomethine group, and sulfur atom after deprotonation to give five membered rings. <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext><mml:mprescripts /><mml:none /><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math> NMR spectrum of the ligand shows only one set of signals for the aromatic protons, while the NH of isatin and NH of hydrazone give rise to two different singlets in the 11&#8211;14 ppm range. The formulations, [Cu(L)Cl]<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x00b7;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>2<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>O, [Cu(L)(C<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>COO)]<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x00b7;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>2<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>O, [Ni(L)Cl], [Ni(L)(C<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>COO)], [Co(<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>)], and [Zn(<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>)]<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#x00b7;</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>2<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>O are in accordance with elemental analyses, physical, and spectroscopic measurements. The complexes are soluble in organic solvents. Molar conductance values in DMF indicate the nonelectrolytic nature of the complexes. Copper complex displays quasireversible cyclic voltametric responses with Ep near <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mo>&#x2212;</mml:mo></mml:math>0.659 v and 0.504 v Vs Ag/AgCl at the scan rate of 0.1 V/s. Copper(II) complexes show a single line EPR signals. For the observed magnetic moment and electronic spectral data possible explanation has been discussed. From all the available data, the probable structures for the complexes have been proposed. The compounds synthesized in present study have shown promising cytotoxic activity when screened using the in vitro method and at the same time were shown to have good activity when tested using the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) model. The antimicrobial screening showed that the cobalt complex possesses enhanced antimicrobial activity towards fungi.

M. P. Sathisha

V. K. Revankar

K. S. R. Pai

Synthesis, Structure, Electrochemistry,  and Spectral Characterization of Bis-Isatin Thiocarbohydrazone Metal Complexes and Their Antitumor Activity Against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in Swiss Albino Mice

Over the last decade, a significant body of research has been developed around the inclusion of a metallocene moiety into known antimalarial compounds. Ferroquine is the most successful of these compounds. Herein, we describe our contribution to metallocene antimalarials. Our approach has sought to introduce diversity sites in the side chain of ferroquine in order to develop a series of ferroquine derivatives. The replacement of the ferrocenyl moiety with ruthenocene has given rise to ruthenoquine and a modest series of analogues. The reaction of ferroquine and selected analogues with Au(PP<mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>h</mml:mtext><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>)<mml:math id="E2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>NO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>, Au(<mml:math id="E3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mtext>F</mml:mtext><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>)(tht), and [Rh(COD)<mml:math id="E4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Cl</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>] has resulted in a series of heterobimetallic derivatives. In all cases, compounds have been evaluated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity in both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Preliminary structure-activity relationships have been delineated.

Margaret A. L. Blackie

Kelly Chibale

Metallocene Antimalarials: The Continuing Quest

Two novel cobalt(III) pyridine complexes (1)<mml:math id="E3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Co</mml:mtext><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>en</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>py</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> and (2)<mml:math id="E4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Co</mml:mtext><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>en</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>mepy</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> (en=ethylenediamine, py=pyridine, and mepy=methylpyridine) have been synthesized and characterized. The interaction of these complexes with calf thymus DNA was investigated by absorption, emission spectroscopy, viscosity measurements, DNA melting, and DNA photocleavage. Results suggest that the two complexes bind to DNA via groove mode and complex 2 binds more strongly to CT DNA than complex 1. Moreover, these Co(III) complexes have been found to promote the photocleavage of plasmid DNA pBR322 under irradiation at 365 nm, cytotoxicity results of complexes are also showing anticancer activity.

Penumaka Nagababu

D. Aravind Kumar

Kotha Laxma Reddy

K. Ashwini Kumar

Md. B. Mustafa

Mynam Shilpa

S. Satyanarayana

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The porphyrazines (pzs), a class of porphyrin analogues, are being investigated for their potential use as tumor imaging/therapeutic agents. We here examine six peripherally-functionalized M[pz(<mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>A</mml:mtext><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mtext>B</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mtext>-</mml:mtext><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>)] pzs with <mml:math id="E2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math>, 3, or 2 (in a trans conformation) and M = <mml:math id="E3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> or Zn, where A is an <mml:math id="E4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>[</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>S</mml:mtext><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>CH</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mtext>Me</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>]</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> unit and B is a fused <mml:math id="E5" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03B2;</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>&#x03B2;</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x2032;</mml:mo></mml:math>-diisopropyloxybenzo group. Cell viability/proliferation assays and fluorescence microscopy were carried out in both tumor and normal cells. Dark toxicity studies disclosed that four of the compounds exhibited toxicity in both normal and tumor cells; one was nontoxic in both normal and tumor cells, and one was selectively toxic to normal cells. Additionally, three of the pzs showed enhanced photo-induced toxicity with these effects in some cases being observed at treatment concentrations of up to ten-fold lower than that needed for a response in Photofrin. All six compounds were preferentially absorbed by tumor cells, suggesting that they have potential as 
in vitro diagnostic agents and as aids in the isolation and purification of aberrant cells from pathological specimens. In particular, two promising diagnostic candidates have been identified as part of this work.

Sangwan Lee

Benjamin J. Vesper

Hong Zong

Neal D. Hammer

Kim M. Elseth

Anthony G. M. Barrett

Brian M. Hoffman

James A. Radosevich

Synthesis and Biological Analysis of Thiotetra(ethylene glycol) monomethyl Ether-Functionalized Porphyrazines: Cellular Uptake and Toxicity Studies

From the carbolithiation of 6-<mml:math id="E1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-dimethylamino fulvene (3) and 2,4[bis(<mml:math id="E2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-dimethylamino)methyl]-<mml:math id="E3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:math>-methylpyrrolyl lithium (2a), <mml:math id="E4" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:math>-(<mml:math id="E5" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x2032;</mml:mo><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x2032;</mml:mo></mml:math>-dimethylaminomethyl)benzimidazolyl lithium (2b)&#x0027; or <mml:math id="E6" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>p</mml:mi></mml:math>-(<mml:math id="E7" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-dimethylamino)methylphenyl lithium (2c), the corresponding lithium cyclopentadienide intermediate (4a&#x2013;c) was formed. These three lithiated intermediates underwent a transmetallation reaction with TiCl4&#x0027; resulting in <mml:math id="E8" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-dimethylamino-functionalised titanocenes 5a&#x2013;c. When these titanocenes were tested against a pig kidney epithelial cell line (LLC-PK), the <mml:math id="E9" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>IC</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mn>50</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> values obtained were of 23, and 52&#x2009;<mml:math id="E10" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03BC;</mml:mi></mml:math>M for titanocenes 5a and 5b, respectively. The most cytotoxic titanocene in this paper, 5c with an <mml:math id="E11" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>IC</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mn>50</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> value of 13&#x2009;<mml:math id="E12" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03BC;</mml:mi></mml:math>M, was found to be approximately two times less cytotoxic than its analogue Titanocene C (<mml:math id="E13" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>IC</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mn>50</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>5.5</mml:mn></mml:math>&#x2009;<mml:math id="E14" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03BC;</mml:mi></mml:math>M) and almost four times less cytotoxic than cisplatin, which showed an <mml:math id="E15" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>IC</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mn>50</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> value of 3.3&#x2009;<mml:math id="E16" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03BC;</mml:mi></mml:math>M when tested on the LLC-PK cell line.

Megan Hogan

James Claffey

Eoin Fitzpatrick

Thomas Hickey

Clara Pampill&#xF3;n

Matthias Tacke

Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Studies of Titanocene C Analogues

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Metal-Based Drugs