Evaluation of Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha, Interleukin-2 Soluble Receptor, Nitric Oxide Metabolites, and Lipids as Inflammatory Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Pereira, Flávia Ozorio; Frode, Tânia Silvia; Medeiros, Yara Santos

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/MI/2006/39062

Mediators of Inflammation

On this page

Abstract References Copyright Related Articles

Research Communication | Open Access

Volume 2006 | Article ID 039062 | https://doi.org/10.1155/MI/2006/39062

Evaluation of Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha, Interleukin-2 Soluble Receptor, Nitric Oxide Metabolites, and Lipids as Inflammatory Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Flávia Ozorio Pereira,¹Tânia Silvia Frode,²and Yara Santos Medeiros^1,3

Received25 Aug 2005

Accepted13 Oct 2005

Published22 Feb 2006

Abstract

This study compared the results of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-2 soluble receptor (sIL-2R), nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), C-reactive protein (CRP), and lipids (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol), and triglycerides) between control group (nondiabetic subjects) and overweight type 2 DM subjects. To restrict the influence of variables that could interfere in the interpretation of data, subjects with obesity and/or acute or chronic inflammatory disease, haemoglobinopathies, recent use of antibiotics, antiinflammatory drugs, and trauma were excluded. Type 2 DM patients (n=39; age 53.3±9.0 years; median glycated haemoglobin A1c<8%) presented higher levels of TNF-α, triglycerides (P<.01), NOx and sIL-2R (P<.05) than control group (n=28; age 39.7±14.1 years). CRP, LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol did not differ among groups. Diabetic women (n=21) had higher levels of TNF-α, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol than diabetic men (n=18) (P<.05), but there were no differences among sexes in the control group. This study indicates that increased level of proinflammatory markers occurs in type 2 DM even in the absence of obesity and marked hyperglycaemia, confirming that the inflammation course of the atherosclerotic process is more severe in diabetic patients than in nondiabetic subjects.

References

“United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group: Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33),” Lancet, vol. 352, no. 9131, pp. 837–853, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
“Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III),” JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 285, no. 19, pp. 2486–2497, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
“The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 329, no. 14, pp. 977–986, 1993.
View at: Google Scholar
“American Diabetes Association (ADA). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus,” Diabetes Care, vol. 27, no. suppl 1, pp. S5–S10, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
L C Green, D A Wagner, J Glogowski, P L Skipper, J S Wishnok, and S R Tannenbaum, “Analysis of nitrate, nitrite, and [15N]nitrate in biological fluids,” Analytical Biochemistry, vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 131–138, 1982.
View at: Google Scholar
M Di Rosa, A Ialenti, A Ianaro, and L Sautebin, “Interaction between nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase pathways,” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 229–238, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
G Ellis, I Adatia, M Yazdanpanah, and S K Makela, “Nitrite and nitrate analyses: a clinical biochemistry perspective,” Clinical Biochemistry, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 195–220, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
M E Molitch, R A DeFronzo, M J Franz et al., “Nephropathy in diabetes,” Diabetes Care, vol. 27, no. suppl 1, pp. S79–S83, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
P M Ridker, “Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention,” Circulation, vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 363–369, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
I J Jonkers, M F Mohrschladt, R G Westendorp, A van der Laarse, and A H Smelt, “Severe hypertriglyceridemia with insulin resistance is associated with systemic inflammation: reversal with bezafibrate therapy in a randomized controlled trial,” The American Journal of Medicine, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 275–280, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
P M Ridker, N Rifai, M Pfeffer, F Sacks, S Lepage, and E Braunwald, “Elevation of tumor necrosis factor- $\alpha$ and increased risk of recurrent coronary events after myocardial infarction,” Circulation, vol. 101, no. 18, pp. 2149–2153, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
B M Matata and M Galinanes, “Effect of diabetes on nitric oxide metabolism during cardiac surgery,” Diabetes, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 2603–2610, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
S Ozden, S Tatlipinar, N Bicer et al., “Basal serum nitric oxide levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and different stages of retinopathy,” Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 393–396, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
F Chiarelli, F Cipollone, F Romano et al., “Increased circulating nitric oxide in young patients with type 1 diabetes and persistent microalbuminuria: relation to glomerular hyperfiltration,” Diabetes, vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 1258–1263, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
A Aydin, H Orhan, A Sayal, M Ozata, G Sahin, and A Isimer, “Oxidative stress and nitric oxide related parameters in type II diabetes mellitus: effects of glycemic control,” Clinical Biochemistry, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 65–70, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
P M Piatti, L D Monti, I Zavaroni et al., “Alterations in nitric oxide/cyclic-GMP pathway in nondiabetic siblings of patients with type 2 diabetes,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 85, no. 7, pp. 2416–2420, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
S Doganay, C Evereklioglu, H Er et al., “Comparison of serum NO, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, sIL-2R, IL-6 and IL-8 levels with grades of retinopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus,” Eye, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 163–170, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
F M Castillo, T A Romero, J Estévez et al., “Concentrations of cytokines, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, and soluble CD30 in sera of patients with hepatitis B virus infection during acute and convalescent phases,” Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 1372–1375, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
M Coutinho, H C Gerstein, Y Wang, and S Yusuf, “The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years,” Diabetes Care, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 233–240, 1999.
View at: Google Scholar
S M Haffner, S Lehto, T Ronnemaa, K Pyorala, and M Laakso, “Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 339, no. 4, pp. 229–234, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
H Nakae, S Endo, M Kikuchi et al., “Nitrite/nitrate ( ${\textbf{NOx}}$ ) levels and hemodynamics during septic shock,” Surgery Today, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 683–688, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
I Gustafsson, B Brendorp, M Seibaek et al., “Influence of diabetes and diabetes-gender interaction on the risk of death in patients hospitalized with congestive heart failure,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 771–777, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
J Calles-Escandon and M Cipolla, “Diabetes and endothelial dysfunction: a clinical perspective,” Endocrine Reviews, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 36–52, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
J Danesh, J G Wheeler, G M Hirschfield et al., “C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 350, no. 14, pp. 1387–1397, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
J K Wolford, J D Gruber, V M Ossowski et al., “A C-reactive protein promoter polymorphism is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians,” Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 136–144, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
M B Schulze, E B Rimm, T Li, N Rifai, M J Stampfer, and F B Hu, “C-reactive protein and incident cardiovascular events among men with diabetes,” Diabetes Care, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 889–894, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
P M Ridker, N Rifai, L Rose, J E Buring, and N R Cook, “Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 347, no. 20, pp. 1557–1565, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
G K Hansson, “Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 352, no. 16, pp. 1685–1695, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
C M Norris, W A Ghali, P D Galbraith, M M Graham, L A Jensen, and M L Knudtson, “Women with coronary artery disease report worse health-related quality of life outcomes compared to men,” Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 21, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
K M King, W A Ghali, P D Faris et al., “Sex differences in outcomes after cardiac catheterization: effect modification by treatment strategy and time,” JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 291, no. 10, pp. 1220–1225, 2004.
View at: Google Scholar
M Laakso and S Lehto, “Epidemiology of macrovascular disease in diabetes,” Diabetes Reviews, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 294–315, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
T C Smitherman and S E Reis, “Heart disease in women with diabetes,” Diabetes Spectrum, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 207–215, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2006 Flávia Ozorio Pereira et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation Order printed copies

Views

265

Downloads

1009

Citations