Inhibitory Effects of Ketamine on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Microglial Activation

Figure 4

Effect of ketamine on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia. Microglia (5×10⁵ cells mL⁻¹) were treated with various concentrations of ketamine (100, 250, and 500 μM) or an isovolumetric PBS buffer for 30 minutes, followed by the addition of LPS (100 ng mL⁻¹) for 3 hours. Cell-free supernatants were assayed for TNF-α production as described in Section 2. Data are presented as the means ± S.E.M. (𝑛=3). ^∗∗𝑃<.01, compared to the resting group; ^#𝑃<.05, compared to the PBS-treated group.