Inhibitory Effects of Ketamine on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Microglial Activation

Figure 7

Effect of ketamine on p38 MAPK phosphorylation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia. Microglia (5×10⁵ cells mL⁻¹) were treated with ketamine (100 and 250 μM) or an isovolumetric PBS buffer for 30 minutes, followed by the addition of LPS (100 ng mL⁻¹) for 45 minutes. p38 MAPK phosphorylation was determined by Western blotting with a monoclonal antibody which recognizes only phosphorylated p38 MAPK. Data are presented as the means ± S.E.M. (𝑛=3). ^∗𝑃<.05, compared to the resting group.