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| Study | Subjects | Methods | Results |
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| Clarkson et al. [90] | Ileal resection specimens of 13 CD patients (6 had received steroid therapy; 5 had not), 2 UC patients, and 3 controls | IHC on resection specimens | Less MT immunoreactivity in patients with IBD than controls; patients on steroid therapy had more immunoreactivity; immunoreactivity in enterocytes and lamina propria |
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| Elmes et al. [91] | Ileal resection specimens of 17 CD patients (11 had received steroid therapy; 6 had not), and 5 controls | IHC on resection specimens | Decreased intestinal MT in IBD patients; no significant difference when patients had received steroid therapy; immunoreactivity in enterocytes and basement membrane region |
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| Mulder et al. [95] | 19 ileum and 16 colon specimens from 29 CD patients; 12 colon specimens and 1 ileum specimen from 12 UC patients; colon specimens from 18 control patients | RIA on homogenized mucosa (dissected from resection specimens) | MT content was decreased in noninflamed IBD mucosa compared with control mucosa; further decrease, was found in inflamed mucosa; no differences between UC and CD; no significant effect of medication or tissue localization |
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| Sturniolo et al. [96] | Colonic biopsies of 24 UC patients and 10 controls | Ag-hem on biopsies | Reduced MT concentrations in patients with active disease as compared with controls and patients in remission; reduced MT concentrations in inflamed versus noninflamed mucosa taken from the same patient |
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| Bruwer et al. [87] | 22 CD patients, 48 UC patients, 10 controls | IHC on resection specimens | MT overexpression in the fibroblasts of all ulcerative and/or fissural lesions in UC and CD; MT overexpression in intestinal epithelial cells of 40% of UC and CD lesions correlated significantly with the grade of inflammation |
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| Lawrance et al. [89] | Colonic resection specimens with moderately severe histological inflammation from 12 UC and 6 CD patients (with moderately severe clinical disease) and from 6 controls | DNA microarray | Decrease of MT1H and MT1G mRNA expression in UC; no difference in CD |
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| Ioachim et al. [92] | Ileum, colon or rectum resection specimens from 10 CD patients, 41 UC patients, 5 controls | IHC | Decreased MT expression in UC and CD compared with normal mucosa; no difference in MT expression between UC and CD; in UC, a gradually decreased expression from remission, to resolving and to active phase was observed; only epithelial MT expression |
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| Kruidenier et al. [93] | Resection specimens from 19 CD patients, 15 UC patients, 18 controls | RIA on tissue homogenates and IHC on resection specimens | RIA: Lower tissue MT content in inflamed CD and UC mucosa compared with noninflamed and control mucosa; IHC: decreased MT-positive epithelial cell numbers at inflamed sites in CD and UC patients; no detection of MT in lamina propria |
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| Dooley et al. [88] | 2 sets of colon samples: (a) control (1 uninvolved colon from CD patient), 1 CD patient, and 1 UC patient; (b) control, 1 azathioprine-treated CD patient, and 1 azathioprine-treated UC patient; drug-treated CaCo-2 cells | microarray and qRT-PCR with consensus primer sequences for multiple metallothionein genes. | Microarray: upregulation of MT1F, MT1G, MT1H in CD in tissue set (a); downregulation of MT1F, MT1H, MT1L in azathioprine-treated CaCo-2 cells; confirmed by qRT-PCR |
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