Role of ROS in the development of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. The JNK pathway is activated by various factors such as ROS, ER stress, free fatty acids (FFAs), and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF$\alpha$ and is involved in the development of insulin resistance found in type 2 diabetes. It has been also shown that the IkappaB kinase $\beta$ (IKK) pathway is also activated by such factors and is involved in the development of insulin resistance. Therefore, it is likely that activation of stress signaling is involved in the development of insulin resistance.