Peritoneal Adipocytes and Their Role in Inflammation during Peritoneal Dialysis

Table 1

Major adipokines and cytokines released from adipose tissue.

Adipokine/cytokine	Cellular source in adipose tissue	Inflammatory effect	Relevance to PD	References
Leptin	Adipocytes	Pro-inflammatory	Serum and dialysate leptin increased after PD	[14, 59–61]
			Leptin augmented myofibroblastic conversion of HPMC
Adiponectin	Adipocytes	Antiinflammatory	Glucose-based PDF increased plasma leptin/adiponectin	[62–64]
			Level in PD patients may indicate of cardiovascular disease risk
Resistin	Macrophages	Pro-inflammatory	Level correlates with fat mass and triglycerides in PD patients	[64–66]
	Adipocytes
Visfatin	Macrophages	Pro-inflammatory	Serum visfatin levels were higher in the PD patients	[67]
	Adipocytes
RBP-4	Adipocytes	Pro-inflammatory	RBP-4 is significantly increased in end-stage renal disease	[68, 69]
NGAL	Mesothelial cells	Pro-inflammatory	Prolonged release of NGAL in dialysate following peritonitis	[52, 53]
	Adipocytes		NGAL was proposed as a novel early marker for acute renal failure
TNF-α	Adipocytes	Pro-inflammatory	TNF-α production by macrophage was reduced by low pH and lactate in PDF	[60, 70, 71]
	Macrophages		Adipose-derived TNF-α inhibited leptin production
	Mesothelial cells
	Endothelial cells
IL-6	Macrophages	Pro-inflammatory	Plasma and dialysate IL-6 were associated with high peritoneal solute transport rate	[72–74]
	Adipocytes		Mesothelial cells released IL-6 upon exposure to the spent dialysate or IL-1β
	Mesothelial cells
	Endothelial cells
Apelin	Adipocytes	Pro-inflammatory	TNF up-regulated apelin expression in adipose tissue	[71, 75]
MCP-1	Macrophages	Pro-inflammatory	MCP-1 was up-regulated by TNF-α and regulated the differentiation of adipocytes	[76–78]
	Adipocytes
	Preadipocytes