Review Article
Peritoneal Adipocytes and Their Role in Inflammation during Peritoneal Dialysis
Table 1
Major adipokines and cytokines released from adipose tissue.
| Adipokine/cytokine | Cellular source in adipose tissue | Inflammatory effect | Relevance to PD | References |
| Leptin | Adipocytes | Pro-inflammatory | Serum and dialysate leptin increased after PD | [14, 59–61] | | | | Leptin augmented myofibroblastic conversion of HPMC | | Adiponectin | Adipocytes | Antiinflammatory | Glucose-based PDF increased plasma leptin/adiponectin | [62–64] | | | | Level in PD patients may indicate of cardiovascular disease risk | | Resistin | Macrophages | Pro-inflammatory | Level correlates with fat mass and triglycerides in PD patients | [64–66] | | Adipocytes | | | | Visfatin | Macrophages | Pro-inflammatory | Serum visfatin levels were higher in the PD patients | [67] | | Adipocytes | | | | RBP-4 | Adipocytes | Pro-inflammatory | RBP-4 is significantly increased in end-stage renal disease | [68, 69] | NGAL | Mesothelial cells | Pro-inflammatory | Prolonged release of NGAL in dialysate following peritonitis | [52, 53] | | Adipocytes | | NGAL was proposed as a novel early marker for acute renal failure | | TNF-α | Adipocytes | Pro-inflammatory | TNF-α production by macrophage was reduced by low pH and lactate in PDF | [60, 70, 71] | | Macrophages | | Adipose-derived TNF-α inhibited leptin production | | | Mesothelial cells | | | | | Endothelial cells | | | | IL-6 | Macrophages | Pro-inflammatory | Plasma and dialysate IL-6 were associated with high peritoneal solute transport rate | [72–74] | | Adipocytes | | Mesothelial cells released IL-6 upon exposure to the spent dialysate or IL-1β | | | Mesothelial cells | | | | | Endothelial cells | | | | Apelin | Adipocytes | Pro-inflammatory | TNF up-regulated apelin expression in adipose tissue | [71, 75] | MCP-1 | Macrophages | Pro-inflammatory | MCP-1 was up-regulated by TNF-α and regulated the differentiation of adipocytes | [76–78] | | Adipocytes | | | | | Preadipocytes | | | |
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