Release of Inflammatory Mediators by Human Adipose Tissue Is Enhanced in Obesity and Primarily by the Nonfat Cells: A Review

Table 3

Correlation between total release by explants of human fat and total fat mass as well as the change in mRNA over 48 hours incubation.

Adipokine	$r$ value for correlation of release with fat mass	Change in mRNA over 48 hour (ratio)
Those with significant positive correlations of total release with fat mass
IL-8	0.85	510
Lactate	0.81
FABP-4	0.73	0.06
IL-10	0.70	13
TGF $\mathit{\beta }$ 1	0.69	8
Visfatin	0.67	30
IL-1 $\mathit{\beta }$	0.65	120
IL-6	0.65	675
CD14	0.64	1.7
Endothelin-1	0.63	1.4
sICAM-1	0.61	6.1
TNF$\alpha$	0.59
GPX-3	0.56	0.33
Lipocalin-2	0.54	34
PAI-1	0.53	295
ACE	0.52	0.55
LPL	0.51	0.14
Those with no significant correlations of total release with fat mass
Amyloid A	0.18	0.50
MCP-1	0.12	37
IL-1 Ra	0.10	9
Adipsin	0.01	0.23
Osteoprotegerin	0.01	4.9
VEGF	−0.04
RANTES	−0.05	1.2
Cathepsin S	−0.07
ZAG	−0.09	0.25
VCAM-1	−0.30
NGF $\mathit{\beta }$	−0.30	13

The values shown in bold are for adipokines whose gene expression was upregulated over the 48 hours incubation. The changes in mRNA as measured by qRTPCR over 48 hours were based on comparison of unincubated adipose tissue explants with those after 48 hours and shown as the ratios derived from the $\mathrm{\Delta }$Cp values [95]. The Pearson correlation coefficient ($r$) was derived by plotting the total release over 48 hours by the average of values for omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue versus the calculated total fat mass in 20–22 obese women as described in Fain et al. [66–68]. The correlation coefficients have been published for TGF$\beta$1 [66], cathepsin S, nerve growth factor $\beta$ (NGF$\beta$), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) [67] as well as those for adipsin, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and angiotensin1 converting enzyme (ACE) [68]. The correlation coefficients for the following are derived from Fain et al. [42]: endothelin-1, zinc-$\alpha$2-glycoprotein (ZAG), lipocalin-2, CD14, RANTES, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), osteoprotegerin, fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP-4), visfatin, glutathione peroxidase-3 [GPX-3], intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM-1], and amyloid A while those for IL-8, IL-6, PAI-1, TNF$\alpha$, IL-10, VEGF, and IL-1$\beta$ were derived from Fain et al. [62]. The changes in mRNA over 48 hours are from Fain et al. [95].