Release of Inflammatory Mediators by Human Adipose Tissue Is Enhanced in Obesity and Primarily by the Nonfat Cells: A Review

Table 4

Comparison of mRNAs in human mesenteric and subcutaneous as compared to omental adipose tissue from extremely obese women.

mRNA	subcutaneous as ratio of omental	mesenteric as ratio of omental
mRNAs lower in both subcutaneous and mesenteric as compared to omental
Omentin/intelectin	$0.01\pm 0.01$ ***	$0.14\pm 0.03$ ***
Angiotensin II receptor 2 [ATR2]	$0.04\pm 0.01$ ***	$0.35\pm 0.10$ **
Haptoglobin	$0.08\pm 0.01$ ***	$0.38\pm 0.10$ ***
Nerve growth factor $\beta$ [NGF$\beta$]	$0.22\pm 0.02$ ***	$0.44\pm 0.14$ **
Complement factor C3	$0.31\pm 0.05$ ***	$0.47\pm 0.08$ ***
VEGFR/FLT-1	$0.41\pm 0.09$ ***	$0.66\pm 0.15$ *
PGC-1$\alpha$	$0.41\pm 0.14$ ***	$0.73\pm 0.06$ **
Insulin receptor	$\mathit{0.47}\pm \mathit{0.08}$ ***	$\mathit{0.44}\pm \mathit{0.14}$ *
SIRT1/sirtuin 1	$0.47\pm 0.15$ **	$0.44\pm 0.09$ ***
Collagen VI $\alpha$3	$0.48\pm 0.16$ **	$0.60\pm 0.11$ *
mRNAs lower or higher in subcutaneous but not in mesenteric as compared to omental
Uncoupling protein 1 [UCP-1]	$\mathit{0.07}\pm \mathit{0.01}$ ***	$\mathit{1.23}\pm \mathit{0.60}$
Prostaglandin D2 synthase	$0.27\pm 0.05$ ***	$1.06\pm 0.12$
Angiotensinogen	$\mathit{0.33}\pm \mathit{0.04}$ ***	$\mathit{0.87}\pm \mathit{0.20}$
Bone morphogenetic protein 7 [BMP-7]	$0.35\pm 0.19$ **	$1.02\pm 0.16$
Zinc α2 glycoprotein [ZAG]	$\mathit{0.44}\pm \mathit{0.11}$ ***	$\mathit{0.83}\pm \mathit{0.06}$
NFκB1 [p50]	$0.54\pm 0.15$ *	$0.81\pm 0.19$
Cytochrome C oxidase	$\mathit{1.45}\pm \mathit{0.13}$ ***	$\mathit{1.10}\pm \mathit{0.13}$
Angiotensin II receptor 1 [ATR1]	$1.62\pm 0.18$ ***	$0.93\pm 0.21$
NAPDH oxidase [p${67}^{\text{phox}}$ ]	$1.90\pm 0.22$ ***	$1.10\pm 0.17$
CD 14	$2.30\pm 0.37$ ***	$0.85\pm 0.25$
25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1$\alpha$ hydroxylase	$3.00\pm 0.64$ **	$0.90\pm 0.48$
Retinol binding protein 4 [RBP-4]	$\mathit{3.10}\pm \mathit{0.26}$ ***	$\mathit{0.87}\pm \mathit{0.20}$
Interleukin 6 [IL-6]	$3.50\pm 0.55$ ***	$0.66\pm 0.34$
Osteopontin	$4.90\pm 0.51$ ***	$1.07\pm 0.21$
mRNAs lower or higher in mesenteric but not in subcutaneous as compared to omental
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1	$1.15\pm 0.45$	$0.15\pm 0.04$ **
Interleukin 1$\beta$ [IL-1$\beta$]	$0.62\pm 0.30$	$0.20\pm 0.04$ ***
Adrenomedullin	$\mathit{0.97}\pm \mathit{0.09}$	$\mathit{0.38}\pm \mathit{0.13}$ *
PPAR $\mathit{\gamma }$	$\mathit{1.23}\pm \mathit{0.15}$	$\mathit{0.44}\pm \mathit{0.11}$ **
$\beta$1 adrenergic receptor	$1.00\pm 0.07$	$1.74\pm 0.27$ *
mRNAs higher in subcutaneous and lower in mesenteric as compared to omental
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1	$1.62\pm 0.27$ *	$0.20\pm 0.04$ ***
mRNAs higher in subcutaneous and mesenteric as compared to omental
$\alpha$1 glycoprotein	$7.00\pm 0.86$ ***	$1.74\pm 0.\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}27$ **

mRNAs the same in subcutaneous and mesenteric as compared to omental (ratios were 0.50 to 1.50 of that in omental and not statistically significant).
ACE, adiponectin, adipsin, amyloid A, cathepsin S, caveolin-1, CIDEA, CD68, cyclophilin, endothelin-1, FABP-4, FAT/CD36, Gi$\alpha$2, GPX-3, heme oxygenase-1, HIF1$\alpha \text{,}$11 $\mathit{\beta }$ HSD-1, HSL, IL-8, leptin, lipocalin-2, LPL, NADPH oxidase [gp91^phox], NGF$\beta$ [p65 RelA], eNOS, osteoprotegerin, perilipin, PRDM-16, TNF$\alpha \text{,}$Toll like receptor 4, UCP-2, visfatin.
The values were obtained by qPCR as described in [106] and are expressed as the ratio $\pm$ sem of 5 to 15 paired comparisons from as many different individuals of the amount of mRNA in mesenteric and subcutaneous fat as compared to omental fat from the same woman. The mRNAs enriched in fat cells by at least 3-fold are shown in bold. Statistically significant differences are denoted as follows:$\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}{}_{}{}^{*}P\ge .05\text{,}$${}_{}{}^{**}P\ge .01$, and ${}_{}{}^{***}P\ge .005$.