Inflammatory Mediators and Angiogenic Factors in Choroidal Neovascularization: Pathogenetic Interactions and Therapeutic Implications

Table 1

Therapeutic approaches for choroidal neovascularization.

Therapies directed against the vascular component of choroidal neovascularization.
Agent	Class	Molecular target
Pegaptanib sodium	aptamer	VEGF-165
Ranibizumab	monoclonal antibody fragment	all VEGF isoforms
Bevacizumab	full-length monoclonal antibody	all VEGF isoforms
VEGF-trap	decoy receptor	all VEGF isoforms and PlGF
Pazopanib	tyrosine kinase inhibitors	VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, PDGFR-$a$/$\beta$, and $c$-kit
TG100801
TG101095
Vatalanib
AL39324
Bevasiranib	siRNA	VEGF mRNA
E10030	aptamer	PDGF
Combretastat in A4 phosphate	vascular	VE-cadherin, beta-catenin/AKT
Therapies directed against the extra-vascular component of choroidal neovascularization
Agent	Class	Molecular target
Anecortave acetate	corticosteroid	uPA, stromelysin (MMP-3)
JSM6427	integrins antagonist	$\alpha 5\beta 1$ integrin
sirolimus	immunosuppressant	mTORC1
infliximab	Monoclonal antibody	TNF $\alpha$

VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; PlGF, placenta growth factor; PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1.