Modulation of Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells Activity by Toll-Like Receptors: Implications on Therapeutic Potential

Table 1

Summary of reported effects on MSC activity by TLR ligands.

Ligand	Adipogenic	Condrogenic	Osteogenic	Immuno-genicity	Immuno-suppression	Migration	Proliferation	Survival	Source	Species	Ref
LPS	$\approx$		$\uparrow$	$\approx$	$\approx$		$\approx$		AD	Human	[23]
				$\approx$	$\uparrow$				BM	Human	[43]
	$\approx$		$\uparrow$				$\approx$		AD	Human	[44]
			$\uparrow$				$\approx$		BM	Human	[45]
							$\uparrow$	$\uparrow$	BM	Mouse	[55]
								$\uparrow$	BM	Mouse	[56]
						$\uparrow$			BM	Human	[53]
	$\approx$	$\approx$	$\approx$	$\approx$	$\downarrow$				BM	Human	[57]
PolyIC	$\approx$		$\uparrow$	$\approx$	$\approx$		$\approx$		AD	Human	[23]
				$\approx$	$\uparrow$				BM	Human	[43]
	$\approx$		$\approx$				$\approx$		AD	Human	[44]
						$\uparrow$			BM	Human	[53]
	$\approx$	$\approx$	$\approx$	$\approx$	$\downarrow$				BM	Human	[57]
PGN	$\approx$		$\approx$	$\approx$	$\approx$		$\approx$		AD	Human	[23]
	$\approx$		$\uparrow$				$\approx$		AD	Human	[44]
CpG-ODNs	$\approx$		$\approx$						AD	Human	[23]
	$\approx$		$\downarrow$				$\downarrow$		AD	Human	[44]
						$\uparrow$			BM	Human	[53]
Flagellin	$\approx$		$\approx$						AD	Human	[44]
						$\uparrow$			BM	Human	[53]
Pam3Cys	$\downarrow$	$\downarrow$	$\downarrow$		$\approx$	$\downarrow$	$\uparrow$		BM	Mouse	[58]
LL-37						$\uparrow$			BM	Human	[53]
Fn III1C						$\uparrow$			BM	Human	[53]
R-848	$\approx$	$\approx$	$\approx$	$\approx$	$\approx$				BM	Human	[57]
LTA						$\approx$			BM	Human	[45]

$\approx$ (no significant effect), $\uparrow \mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}$(increase), $\downarrow \mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}\hspace{0.17em}}$(inhibition), AD (adipose derived MSCs), BM (Bone marrow MSCs). LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; PolyIC: Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid; PGN: Peptidoglycan; CpG-ODNs: CpG oligodeoxynucleotides; Fn III1C: Fibronectin fragment III 1C; LTA: Lipoteichoic acid.