Pathogen- and Host-Directed Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Macrolide Antibiotics
Table 3
The anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides on T- and B-lymphocytes.
Cellular target
Altered function
Mechanisms
T-lymphocytes
↓ Proliferation
Interference with (i) expression of NFκB,(ii) cellular JNK & ERK activity, and (iii) IFN-γ levels (enhancement may contribute to anti-proliferative activity)
T-lymphocytes
↓ Cytokines of either Th1 (IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13) or both cell types
Interference with cellular JNK and ERK activity
T-lymphocytes
↓ Chemotaxis
Interference with F-actin polymerization and Ca2+ influx
T-lymphocytes
↑ Apoptosis
Interference with (i) NF-κB activity,(ii) Bcl-xL expression, and (iii) Fas-Fas ligand pathway
B-lymphocytes
↓ Costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86)
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Abbreviations: NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinases; ERK: extracellular-signal-regulated kinases; Bcl-xL: B-cell lymphoma-extra large.
