Pattern-recognition receptors that respond to self (DAMPs) and nonself (PAMPs) activators. Microglia are known to express TLR1-9. TLRs are implicated in neuroinflammation in response to bacterial and viral infections, Alzheimer’s disease, prion diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Cytoplasmic pattern-recognition receptors. Microglia are known to express NOD2 in response to CNS infection and NALP3 inflammasome in Alzheimer’s disease.
Complement receptors expressed include CR1, CR3 and CR4. These receptors bind complement proteins and activate complement pathway which is considered to be both beneficial and detrimental depending on the level of activation.
Some of the cytokine receptors expressed in microglia are IL-1R, TNFR (responsible for proinflammatory actions of cytokines IL-1 and TNF-α resp.), IL-10R, TGFR (responsible for the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β), and CCR1-5 responsible for actions of chemokines. These are expressed and produced in neuroinflammation.