Ceruloplasmin and the Extent of Heart Failure in Ischemic and Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy Patients

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the study population between groups.

𝑛 (296)	Control (94)	Ischemic cardiomyopathy (78)	Nonischemic cardiomyopathy (124)
Age (year)	43.67±15.80	69.97±11.05^∗	66.30±15.23^∗
Male sex [𝑛 (%)]	43 (45.7%)	40 (51.3%)	65(52.4%)
Smoking [𝑛 (%)]	19(20.2%)	33(42.3%)	34(27.4%)^†
Alcohol [𝑛 (%)]	10(10.6%)	16(20.5%)	21(16.9%)
Hypertension [𝑛 (%)]	18(19.1%)	51(65.4%)^∗	65(52.4%)^∗
Diabetes mellitus [𝑛 (%)]	0(0%)	21(26.9%)^∗	18(14.5%)^∗†
BMI (kg/m^2)	22.35±2.77	22.32±4.52	21.09±5.71
ALT (U/L)	18.82±10.93	20.30±11.80	31.33±50.15^∗
AST (U/L)	21.63±8.20	26.17±22.98	37.19±56.13^∗
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	170.78±37.68	158.37±44.85	155.53±41.18^∗
LDL-C (mg/dL)	100.47±28.92	93.92±35.86	90.84±31.14^∗
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	114.96±64.85	134.37±76.33	111.74±59.79^†
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.72±0.19	0.94±0.52^∗	1.01±0.78^∗
Uric acid (mg/dL)	5.33±1.47	6.22±2.22^∗	6.96±2.53^∗†
CK (IU/l)	74.78±32.33	100.35±186.27	100.14±127.47
CK-MB (IU/L)	10.60±3.34	15.61±27.07^∗	13.66±6.91
TNI (ng/mL)	0.06±0.21	0.66±3.75	0.28±1.79
CRP (mg/L)	3.85±7.99	14.77±24.84^∗	13.80±27.27^∗
Homocysteic acid (μmol/L)	12.25±5.49	16.66±7.15^∗	17.12±10.22^∗
LVEF (%)	63.96±4.85	53.29±14.36^∗	48.58±15.52^∗†
LVIDd (cm)	4.55±0.42	5.19±0.95^∗	5.60±1.11^∗†
LA (cm)	3.09±0.38	3.93±0.67^∗	4.47±1.01^∗†
Cardiac tonic [𝑛 (%)]	0(0%)	13(16.7%)^∗	68(54.8%)^∗†
Diuretic [𝑛 (%)]	0(0%)	37(47.4%)^∗	100(80.6%)^∗†
Nitrate [𝑛 (%)]	0(0%)	56(71.8%)^∗	83(66.9%)^∗
ACEI/ARB [𝑛 (%)]	9(9.6%)	72(92.3%)^∗	105(84.7%)^∗
Beta blockers [𝑛 (%)]	9(9.6%)	56(71.8%)^∗	83(66.9%)^∗
CCB [𝑛 (%)]	11(11.7%)	29(37.2%)^∗	30(24.2%)^∗†
Aspirin/clopidogrel [𝑛 (%)]	4(4.3%)	74(94.9%)^∗	71(57.3%)^∗†
Statins [𝑛 (%)]	2(2.1%)	72(92.3%)^∗	23(18.5%)^∗†

ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BMI: body mass index; CCB: calcium channel blocker; CK: creatinine kinase; CK-MB: creatinine kinase-MB; CRP: C-reactive protein; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LA: left atrium; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVEF: left-ventricular ejection fraction; LVIDd: left-ventricular internal diameter at end diastole; TNI: troponin I.
* 𝑃<0.05 versus control group.
^†𝑃<0.05 versus ischemic cardiomyopathy group.