| Treatment | 5-ASA | Corticosteroids | AZA; CsA | IFX | ADA |
| Method | HPLC; ELISA; RT-PCR | ELISA; RT-PCR | ELISA; RT-PCR | ELISA; RT-PCR | ELISA; RT-PCR | Target | Protein; nucleic acid | Protein; nucleic acid | Protein; nucleic acid | Protein; nucleic acid | Protein; nucleic acid | Major findings | ↓IL-1beta | ↑lipocortin 1 | ↑T-cells apoptosis | CD40,CD40L, and VCAM-1 | =TNF- and IL-17A | ↓TNF-, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8 | ↑IkBa | ↓Rac1 | ↑T-cells apoptosis | ↓IL23, IFN-, and IL-10 | ↓ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, and MAdCAM-1 | ↓NF-B | ↓(MEK), bcl-x(L) | ↑CD4 + CD25highFoxp3+ T cells | | ↓NF-B | ↓MMP-9, MMP-26, TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 | ↓NF-B | ↑Plasma TNF-α | | ↑PPAR-g | ↓ IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α | ↑G2 cell cycle arrest | ↓SerumIL-6 | | ↓LTB4 | ↓Intestinal epithelial cell migration and proliferation | ↓Calcineurin activation | = IL-23, IL-17A, and INF- | | ↓PGE2 | ↑Neutrophil survival | ↓NFAT | | | | ↓hGC | ↓IL-2 | | | References | [32, 34–50] | [54–68] | [69–72] | [73–78] | [79] |
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| Treatment | 5-ASA | Corticosteroids | AZA; CsA | IFX | ADA |
| Method | HPLC; ELISA; RT-PCR | ELISA; RT-PCR | ELISA; RT-PCR | ELISA; RT-PCR | IHC;ELISA; RT-PCR | Target | Protein; nucleic acid | Protein; nucleic acid | Protein; nucleic acid | Protein; nucleic acid | Protein; nucleic acid | Major findings | ↓IL-1beta | ↑lipocortin 1 | ↑T-cells apoptosis | CD40,CD40L, and VCAM-1 | =TNF- and IL-17A | ↓TNF-, IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8 | ↑IBa | ↑G2 cell cycle arrest | ↑T-cells apoptosis | ↓IL23, IFN-, and IL-10 | ↓ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, and MAdCAM-1 | ↓NF-kB | ↓Calcineurin activation | ↑CD4 + CD25highFoxp3 + T cells | ↑Notch-1 | ↓NF-B | ↓ IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α | ↓NFAT | ↓TNF- and IFN-g m-RNA | | ↑PPAR-g | ↓Intestinal epithelial cell migration and proliferation | ↓IL-2 | = IL-10 and IL-4 mRNA | | ↓LTB4 | ↑Neutrophil survival | | | | ↓PGE2 | ↓hGC | | | | References | [32, 34–50] | [54–68] | [69–72] | [80–82] | [79, 83] |
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