Cytokines and Chemokines as Regulators of Skeletal Muscle Inflammation: Presenting the Case of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Figure 2
Chemokine staining in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Nonconsecutive sections showing the same microscopic field containing a necrotic muscle fiber invaded by macrophages (asterisk). The muscle biopsy was taken from an 8-year-old patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy caused by duplication of dystrophin exon 2. Upon diagnostic myopathological evaluation, the biopsy displayed severe muscle damage, few groups of revertant fibers, and strong utrophin staining. Chemokines were immunostained and visualized with a secondary antibody using the streptavidin-biotin labeling system and 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole chromogen (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark). Cell nuclei were counterstained with hematoxylin (blue). The sarcoplasm of a necrotic fiber is strongly positive for CXCL8 (red in (a)) and CXCL11 (red in (b)). The cytoplasm of the necrotic fiber and its invading inflammatory cells are moderately positive for CCL5 (red in (c)) and faintly positive for CCL17 (red in (d)). Small regenerating fibers stain for all four chemokines with varying intensities.
