Cytokines and Chemokines as Regulators of Skeletal Muscle Inflammation: Presenting the Case of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Table 1

Alpha-chemokine expression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its mouse model.

Systematic name	Common name	Tissue	mRNA quantity	Protein quantity	Protein localization	Reference
CXCL1	GRO-alpha	DMD quadriceps muscles			BV, MF, Mφ, T, DC	[54]
CXCL2	GRO-beta	DMD quadriceps muscles			BV, MF, Mφ	[54]
CXCL3	GRO-gamma	DMD quadriceps muscles			BV, MF, Mφ, DC	[54]
CXCL8	IL-8	DMD quadriceps muscles			BV, MF, Mφ	[54]
CXCL10	IP-10	DMD quadriceps muscles			BV, (MF), Mφ, T	[54]
CXCL11	ITAC	DMD quadriceps muscles			BV, (MF), Mφ	[54]
CXCL12	SDF-1	DMD quadriceps muscles	Increased 2.3x			[55]
		DMD quadriceps muscles			BV, MF	[54]
		DMD serum		Increased 1.2x		[56]
CXCL14	BRAK	mdx hindlimb muscles	Increased 1.7x			[57]

Breast and kidney derived (BRAK); blood vessel (BV), alpha-chemokine (CXCL), dendritic cell (DC), Duchenne mouse model (mdx), growth related oncogene (GRO), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interferon-inducible protein of 10 kd (IP-10), interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemo-attractant (ITAC), muscle fiber (MF), macrophage (Mφ), stromal cell-derived factor (SDF), T cell (T). Rare observations are indicated between brackets.