Cytokines and Chemokines as Regulators of Skeletal Muscle Inflammation: Presenting the Case of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Table 2

Beta-chemokine expression in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and its mouse model.

Systematic name	Common name	Tissue	mRNA quantity	Protein quantity	Protein localization	Reference
CCL2	MCP-1	mdx hindlimb muscles	Increased 62.7x	Increased 4.1x	MF, Mφ	[57]
		DMD quadriceps muscles	Increased 1.4x			[55]
					BV, Mφ	[54]
CCL3	MIP-1 alpha	mdx diaphragm	Increased			[58]
CCL5	RANTES	mdx hindlimb muscles		Increased 2.3x		[57]
		mdx diaphragm	Increased	Increased		[58]
		DMD quadriceps muscles			Mφ	[54]
CCL7	MCP-3	mdx hindlimb muscles	Increased 14.7x			[57]
		DMD quadriceps muscles			Mφ	[54]
CCL8	MCP-2	mdx hindlimb muscles	Increased 28.9x			[57]
CCL9	MIP-1 gamma	mdx hindlimb muscles	Increased 7.9x	Increased 2.4x		[57]
CCL11	eotaxin	mdx hindlimb muscles		Increased 2.0x		[57]
CCL17	TARC	DMD quadriceps muscles			(Mφ)	[54]

Blood vessel (BV), beta-chemokine (CCL), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP), Duchenne mouse model (mdx), muscle fiber (MF), macrophage (Mφ), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP), regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC). Rare observations are indicated between brackets.