Metabolic Syndrome in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Table 2

Metabolic syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis.

Reference	RA/controls	Association	MS definition used	Comments
Da Cunha et al. [16]	283/226	Yes	NCEP	MS associated with disease activity. Increased prevalence of waist circumference, blood pressure,; and fasting glucose in this RA population when compared to controls.
Chung et al. [17]	154/85	Yes	NCEP, WHO	88 with early RA and 66 with long-standing RA.
				RA patients with MS had an increased risk of having higher coronary-artery calcification score;
				this association of RA and MS has been also observed when early RA was considered.
Dao et al. [18]	105/105	Yes	NCEP, WHO	Early RA already had higher prevalence of MS compared with healthy controls.
			IDF, EGIR	Higher systemic inflammatory markers, disease activity and disability scores, and less methotrexate use; were independent predictors associated with the presence of MS in women with early RA.
Crowson et al. [19]	232/1241	Yes	NCEP	Only RA patients with no overt cardiovascular disease were considered.
				RA patients were significantly more likely to have increased waist circumference and elevated blood pressure than non-RA subjects
				Significantly more RA patients were classified as having MS.
Toms et al. [20]	400/—	Yes	NCEP, WHO	MS prevalence rates varied from 12.1% to 45.3% in RA according to the definition used.
			IDF, EGIR	Methotrexate use, but not other DMARDs or glucocorticoids, was associated with significantly reduced chance of having MS in RA.
Mok et al. [21]	699 RA	No	Asian criteriafor central obesity	The prevalence of MS was significantly higher in PsA (38%) than RA (20%) or AS (11%; 𝑃 < 0.001).
	122 AS			Patients with PsA, but not those with RA or AS, have a significantly higher prevalence of MS compared to the general population.
	109 PsA			In RA patients, MS was related to pain and functional status, indicating disease activity.
Zonana-Nacach et al. [22]	107 RA/85 LES	Yes	NCEP	The frequency of MS in RA and SLE patients was similar and associated with smoking.
Karimi et al. [23]	92/96	No	NCEP, WHO	The duration of RA was associated with MS.
Sahebari et al. [24]	120/431	No	NCEP, IDF	The prevalence of MS was significantly higher in the control group.
				There was no association between the DAS28 and the presence of MS components by either definition.
Karvounaris et al. [25]	200/400	No	NCEP	Risk of having moderate-to-high disease activity (DAS28 > 3.2) was significantly higher in patients with MS compared with those with no MS components.

NCEP: National Cholesterol Education Program; IDF: International Diabetes Federation; EGIR: Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance; WHO: World Health Organization.
MS: metabolic syndrome, DAS28: disease activity score, RA: rheumatoid arthritis, SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus, DMARDs: disease modifying antirheumatic drugs.
PsA: psoriatic arthritis, AS: ankylosing spondylitis.
The term Association means if an association between RA and MS was observed.
Toms, Mok and Zonana did not study healthy controls.