Inflammation, Haemostatic Disturbance, and Obesity: Possible Link to Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes

Table 2

Basic characteristics, inflammatory and haemostatic markers, other markers of endothelial dysfunction, and anthropometric and clinical parameters of type 2 diabetic patients (𝑛=107) divided into three groups according to the diabetic retinopathy status.

	DR group 1; (𝑛=65)	DR group 2; (𝑛=19)	DR group 3; (𝑛=23)	𝐹^a Chi-square^c	𝑃
Age (years)*	66.31 ± 8.31	68.47 ± 7.11	66.52 ± 7.98	0.543^a	0.583^a
Sex (m/f)**	65/35	42/58	74/26	0.28^c	0.595^c
Diabetes duration (years)*	13.22 ± 5.08	16.11 ± 6.01	19.35 ± 4.60	12.498^a	𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏^a
Therapy (OHA/insulin)**	48/52	32/68	13/87	7.52^c	𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟗^c
C-reactive protein (CRP) (mg/L)*	3.37 ± 4.14	4.05 ± 3.34	5.36 ± 5.77	1.721^a	0.184^a
Fibrinogen (g/L)*	4.73 ± 1.23	4.75 ± 1.48	4.75 ± 1.09	0.002^a	0.998^a
HbA1c (%)*	6.42 ± 1.06	6.53 ± 1.06	6.70 ± 1.29	0.551^a	0.578^a
HbA1cmedian (%)*	6.77 ± 0.76	7.18 ± 0.81	7.31 ± 0.85	2.976^a	0.055^a
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)*	4.96 ± 0.85	4.87 ± 1.27	5.05 ± 1.05	0.178^a	0.838^a
Triglycerides (mmol/L)*	2.14 ± 1.19	2.48 ± 2.41	1.50 ± 0.61	1.230^a	0.066^a
Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m²)*	30.77 ± 6.06	30.91 ± 5.28	30.12 ± 5.33	0.129^a	0.879^a
Waist circumference (WC) (cm)*	107.52 ± 14.96	108.21 ± 12.09	107.91 ± 12.28	0.020^a	0.980^a
Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)*	0.96 ± 0.08	0.96 ± 0.07	0.97 ± 0.07	0.162^a	0.851^a
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)*	139.00 ± 22.97	151.32 ± 23.85	144.35 ± 21.18	2.267^a	0.109^a
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)*	82.15 ± 12.90	80.26 ± 15.50	78.70 ± 8.15	0.691^a	0.503^a

∗mean ± SD, ∗∗percentage, ^aANOVA df = 2, ^cChi-square test df = 1.
OHA: oral hypoglycemic agent; HbA₁c: glycated hemoglobin value determined at the beginning of the study from a single venous blood sample; HbA₁c_median: glycated hemoglobin value obtained by statistical analysis of data from the National Registry for Diabetes (CroDiabNet).