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S100A8/A9 and atherosclerosis |
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Mouse studies | Present in mouse atherosclerotic plaques [71, 73] |
Reduced atherosclerotic lesions in hyperlipidemic ApoE−/− S100A9−/− mice [82] |
No effect on atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic LDLR−/− mice reconstituted with S100A9−/− bone marrow [13] |
Reduced neointima formation in S100A9−/− mice following femoral artery wire injury [82] |
Elevated plasma and plaque S100A8/A9 in diabetic ApoE−/− mice [77] |
Clinical studies | Present in human atherosclerotic plaques [18, 72] |
Associated with histological and ultrasound measures of plaque vulnerability [72, 85] |
Correlates with the severity of CAD in type 1 and 2 diabetic patients [49, 84] |
Correlates with carotid IMT in healthy diabetics and nondiabetics [26, 84] |
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S100A8/A9 in acute coronary syndrome |
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Mouse studies | Accumulates into the myocardium following coronary ischemia [54] |
Triggers RAGE-mediated phagocyte activation, recruitment, and inflammatory cytokine production [54] |
Aggravates the development of post-MI heart failure [54] |
Clinical studies | Increases rapidly in plasma following an ischemic coronary event [90] |
Released into the circulation from the site of the coronary occlusion [90] |
Upregulated in infiltrating neutrophils and monocytes in the infarcted myocardium and in the occluding thrombus [90, 92] |
Higher in MI patients compared to stable and unstable angina [87, 92] |
Remains elevated for several weeks after the event and correlates with peak white cell and neutrophil counts [92] |
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S100A8/A9 and CV risk |
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Clinical studies | Correlates with short- and long-term risk for CV events in apparently healthy women independently of traditional CV risk factors [26, 87] |
Associated with the incidence of subsequent CV events in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy [86] |
Elevated S100A8/A9 at 30 days after a coronary event is associated with increased risk for recurrent events during the following 30 day period [97] |
Associated with all-cause 1-year mortality in elderly patients with severe heart failure [98] |
Elevated in SLE patients with CV disease—retrospective study [89] |
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