Pharmacogenetics of Chronic Pain and Its Treatment

Table 5

Drugs used in pain treatment and its major DMEs emphazing FDA recommendations for genetic testing [73–75].

Drug class	Drug	Major enzymes			FDA drug labels including pharmacogenetics information
		CYPs	UGBTs	SULTs
Analgesic/; antipyretics	Paracetamol	3A4, 2E1, 2A6, 1A2, 2D6, 2C19, 2C9, 2E1, 2A6	1A6, 1A9	1A1	In combination with tramadol CYP2D6
NSAIDs	Ibuprofen	2C9, 2C8, 3A4, 2C19, 2C9, 2C8, 3A4, 2C19	2B7, 1A9, 1A3, 2B4
	Diclofenac	2C9, 2C8, 3A4, 2C19	2B7, 2B4, 1A3, 1A9
	Naproxen	2C9, 1A2
	Ketoprofen		2B7
	Meloxicam	2C9, 3A4
Coxibs	Celecoxib	2C9, 3A4			CYP2C9
	Etoricoxib	3A4, 2C9, 2D6, 1A2, 2C19
TCAs	Amitriptyline	2C19, 2C8, 2C9, 1A2, 2D6, 3B6, 3A4	1A3, 1A4		CYP2D6
	Nortiyptyline	2D6, 3A4			CYP2D6
	Imipramine	2D6, 2C19, 1A2			CYP2D6
	Desipramine	2D6			CYP2D6
SNRIs	Duloxetine	2D6, 1A2
	Venlafaxine	2D6, 2C19, 2C9			CYP2D6
	Fluoxetine	2C9, 3A4, 2D6, 2C19, 1A2			In combination with olanzapine, and CYP2D6
SSRIs	Paroxetine	2D6			CYP2D6
	Citalopram	3A4, 2C19, 2D6			CYPs 2C19, and 2D6
Antiepileptics	Carbamazepine	3A4, 2C8	2B7
	Valproate		2B7, 1A6, 1A9
Opioids	Buprenorphine	3A4, 2C8	1A1, 2B7, 1A3
	Codeine	2D6, 3A4	2B7, 2B4		CYP2D6
	Dihydrocodeine	2D6, 3A4	2B7
	Morphine	3A4, 2C8	2B7, 1A8, 1A1, 1A3, 1A10, 1A6, 1A1
	Oxycodone	2D6, 3A4	2B7
	Pethidine	3A4, 2B6, 2C19
	Tilidine	3A
	Tramadol	3A4, 2B6			In combination with paracetamol CYP2D6