Matrix Metalloproteinases: Inflammatory Regulators of Cell Behaviors in Vascular Formation and Remodeling

Table 3

MMPs and VSMC behaviors in vascular remodeling.

MMPs	Functions/effects	Substrates/signaling pathways	Outcomes	References
MMP-2	Proliferation↑	ET-1, sphingolipid signaling	Hypertension; Atherosclerosis	[91–94]
	Migration/invasion↑	ECM	Atherosclerosis; Neointimal hyperplasia	[95–98]
MMP-9	Proliferation↑	N-cadherin	Atherosclerosis; Neointimal hyperplasia	[99, 100]
	Migration/invasion↑	ECM; VSMC-ECM attachment	Atherosclerosis; neointimal hyperplasia	[46, 47, 95, 101, 102]
MT1-MMP	Proliferation/migration↑	pro-MMP-2	Neointimal hyperplasia	[103, 104]
	Migration/invasion↑	ECM (collagen)	Neointimal hyperplasia	[105]
	Proliferation/migration↑	PDGF-PDGFRβ; Signaling (LRP1, ApoE)	Atherosclerosis; Neointimal hyperplasia	[106–115]
MMP-1	Migration/invasion↑	ECM (collagen)	Neointimal hyperplasia	[116, 117]
MMP-1	Proliferation↓	Unclear	Preventive in pulmonary hypertension	[118]
MMP-3	Migration/invasion	ECM, pro-MMP-9	Neointimal hyperplasia	[119–123]
MMP-7	Apoptosis	N-cadherin	Atherosclerotic plaque instability	[124, 125]