Diagram summarizing the main reported direct actions of visfatin/Nampt in cells in the cardiovascular system, namely, cardiac fibroblast and cardiomyocytes, mesangial cells, monocytes and macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase, IL-8: interleukin-8, MMP-2/9: matrix metalloproteinase-2/9, NO: nitric oxide, RAS: renin-angiotensin system, and TNF-: tumor necrosis factor-.