Mediators of Inflammation

Review Article

Integrating Traditional Medicine into Modern Inflammatory Diseases Care: Multitargeting by Rhus verniciflua Stokes

Table 2

Inflammatory gene products and mechanism regulated by Rhus verniciflua Stokes.


Model	Inducer	Mechanism (target genes)	[References]

Cell lines
Macrophage	LPS	Inhibited NO, PGE₂, and TNF-α production Reduced NF-κB activity Suppressed iNOS and COX-2 protein expression via inactivation of JNK1/2 MAPK kinase pathway	[18]
Macrophage	LPS	Inhibited ROS production PKC-α translocation Downregulated the expression of NF-κB and AP-1 Inhibited the levels of iNOS and COX-2 expression	[19]
Macrophage	LPS	Reduced iNOS at the transcriptional level Downregulated iNOS protein expression via the ERK and Akt pathway	[22]
HMC-1	PMA, A23187	Inhibited the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 Suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 but not JNK Inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB via inhibition of the phosphorylation of IκB-α	[20]
FLS	IL-1β	Decreased TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and VEGF Decreased the expression of VEGF via the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK pathway	[23]
Macrophage	LPS	Inhibited NO, PGE₂, TNF-α, and IL-1β production via the induction of HO-1 expression	[21]
Animals
Mouse	Carrageenan	Reduced paw edema	[22]
Mouse	Acetic acid	Decreased peritoneal capillary permeability
	CMC-Na	Significantly decreased leukocytes migration in peritoneal cavity
	Oxazolone	Inhibited ear thickness (DTH)
	Collagen	Reduced the incidence and severity of CIA	[21]
Mouse	2,4-DNFB	Reduced ear swelling, hyperplasia of ear tissue
		Increased vascular permeability
		Decreased numbers of infiltrated mast cells	[24]

AP-1: activator protein-1; CIA: collagen-induced arthritis; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; 2,4-DNFB: 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene; DTH: delayed type hypersensitivity; FLS: rheumatoid arthritic fibroblast-like synovial cells; HMC-1: human mast cells; HO: heme oxygenase; IL: interleukin; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; JNK: c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; NO: nitric oxide; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; oxazolone: 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyloxazolone; PGE₂: prostaglandin E₂; PKC: protein kinase C; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.