The Inhibitory Effect of PIK-75 on Inflammatory Mediator Response Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in Feline Esophageal Epithelial Cells

Jeong, Jun Yeong; Lee, Yeon Joo; Han, Jeong Hoon; Park, Sun Young; Hwang, Kwang Woo; Sohn, Uy Dong

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/178049

Mediators of Inflammation

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2014 | Article ID 178049 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/178049

The Inhibitory Effect of PIK-75 on Inflammatory Mediator Response Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide in Feline Esophageal Epithelial Cells

Jun Yeong Jeong,¹Yeon Joo Lee,¹Jeong Hoon Han,¹Sun Young Park,¹Kwang Woo Hwang,²and Uy Dong Sohn¹

Academic Editor: Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira

Received16 May 2014

Accepted30 Jul 2014

Published07 Sept 2014

Abstract

Isoform-selective inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation have an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing proinflammatory cytokines. Cultured feline esophageal epithelial cells (EEC) of passages 3~4 were treated with hydrogen peroxide and PIK-75. The cell viability was measured by a MTT incorporation assay. The distribution of PI3K isoforms, p-Akt, IL-1β, and IL-8 was inferred from Western blots. The release of IL-6 was determined by ELISA. The cell morphology was not considerably different from nontreated cells if the cells were pretreated with PIK-75 and treated with 300 μM hydrogen peroxide. The density of p110α of PI3K was increased, but that of other types was not affected after the treatment with hydrogen peroxide. The density of p-Akt, when the cells were exposed to PIK-75 and hydrogen peroxide, was diminished dose dependently more than that of hydrogen peroxide treatment only. The decrease of p-Akt showed an inhibition of PI3K by PIK-75. PIK-75 dose dependently reduced the expression of IL-1β, IL-8, and the level of IL-6 compared with hydrogen peroxide treatment only. These results suggest evidence that p110α mediates esophageal inflammation and that PIK-75 has an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing proinflammatory cytokines on feline esophageal epithelial cultured cells.

1. Introduction

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is a family of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3′-hydroxyl group of phosphoinositides and phosphatidylinositol [1]. The lipid products of PI3K reactions create binding sites for specific, lipid-binding domains on many intracellular signaling proteins [2]. Therefore, it contributes to a wide range of cellular responses to extracellular signals and in various signal transduction pathways [3, 4].

PI3K is revealed to play an essential role in the regulation of intestinal epithelial proliferation, survival, and wound healing [5]. Its pathways have been shown to be associated with many cancers such as breast, colorectal, and esophageal cancer [6, 7]. They are also involved in the development of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and atherosclerosis [8, 9]. PI3K is an important mediator in the signaling cascade leading to the initiation of the inflammatory response including an enhanced release of proinflammatory cytokines [10, 11].

PI3K is on the basis of structural and functional aspects divided into three classes (I, II, and III). While the involvement of class II and class III PI3K in inflammation has not yet been defined, class I enzymes are considered as an important element in many steps of the inflammatory reaction [12, 13]. Class I PI3K is consisting of a complex formed by catalytic subunits (C) and regulatory subunits (R). Three R (p85α, p85β, and p55γ) and four C (p110α, p110β, p110γ, and p110δ) isoforms are known [4, 14–17]. It is well established that PI3K isoforms could be distinctively expressed according to the cell type [4, 18]. Targeting PI3K is compelling therapeutic approach and some inhibitors have been clinically tested to be developed as potent drugs [19, 20]. Nonselective PI3K inhibitors, wortmannin, and LY294002 are unsuitable for a therapeutic approach because its lack of selectivity may produce toxicity issues [21].

Many studies have established that an increased production of proinflammatory cytokines is critical for the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders [22]. Various inflammation inducers such as TNF-α enhance the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 [23, 24]. IL-8 is a potent chemokine implicated in the recruitment of neutrophils during inflammation. The levels of IL-8 have significantly increased in the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) [25, 26]. Also the esophageal epithelium is believed to be the major source of IL-8 production [27].

Hydrogen peroxide is one type of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) [28]. Increased ROS in mucosa have been implicated as a trigger of gastrointestinal diseases, including inflammatory disorders and acid-related peptic diseases [29]. Hydrogen peroxide is a well-known inducer of esophageal epithelial inflammation and is elevated in GERD [30, 31].

In the present study, we investigated the expression of PI3K isoforms and the anti-inflammatory potential effect of PIK-75 as a selective p110α inhibitor [32] in feline EECs.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Reagents

Hydrogen peroxide, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine-N′-2-ethane sulfonic acid (HEPES), leupeptin, aprotinin, bovine serum albumin (BSA), β-mercaptoethanol, ethylene glycol-bis-(β-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide, and Hank’s balanced salt solution-modified (HBSS) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), antibiotic-antimycotic (penicillin, streptomycin, and amphotericin B), and trypsin-EDTA were purchased from Invitrogen (Grand Island, NY, USA) Tris-buffered saline (TBS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were purchased from Welgene Inc. (Daegu, South Korea). PIK-75 was purchased from Cayman (Michigan, CA, USA). p-Akt and t-Akt antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). IL-1β antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). IL-8 antibody was purchased from Bioworld (Dublin, OH, USA). Goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP, rabbit anti-goat IgG-HRP, and goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP were purchased from Bethyl (Montgomery, TX, USA). Rainbow prestained molecular weight marker was purchased from Amersham (Arlington Heights, IL, USA). Ammonium persulfate, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED), and enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) agents were purchased from PerkinElmer Life Sciences (Boston, MA, USA). Nitrocellulose (NC) membrane, Tris/Glycine/SDS buffer, Tris/Glycine buffer, and Restore TM Western Blot Stripping Buffer were purchased from Thermo (Rockford, IL, USA); IL-6 ELISA kit was purchased from Enzo (Farmingdale, NY, USA) and the 30% acrylamide/bis solution was purchased from Bio-Rad (Richmond, CA, USA).

2.2. Preparation of Feline Esophageal Epithelial Tissue Squares

All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute for Molecules-Based New Drug Development. Adult cats of either sex weighing between 2.5 and 3.5 kg were anesthetized with Zoletil 50 (12.5 mg/0.25 mL/kg) before the abdomen was opened with a midline incision. The esophagus was excised, washed, and maintained in Krebs buffer composed of 116.6 mM NaCl, 1.2 mM NaH₂PO₄, 21.9 mM NaHCO₃, 3.4 mM KCl, 5.4 mM glucose, 2.5 mM CaCl₂, and 1.2 mM MgCl₂. The esophagus was opened along the lesser curvature. The location of the squamocolumnar junction was identified. The mucosa was peeled off. The submucosal connective tissues were then removed by microspring scissors. The mucosa from esophagus was sliced into 0.5 mm thick sections with a Stadie Riggs tissue slicer (Thomas Scientific Apparatus, Philadelphia, PA, USA). The last slices were cut into 2 mm × 2 mm tissue squares with scissors.

2.3. Cultures of Feline EECs

The sliced tissue was placed into DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS containing 100 U/mL penicillin, 0.1 mg/mL streptomycin, and 0.25 μg/mL amphotericin B and incubated in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ and 95% air at 37°C. After 10 days, the medium was exchanged with fresh DMEM containing 10% FBS. After reaching confluence, the cells were detached using 1% trypsin-EDTA in HBSS with bicarbonate. The cells were then counted, seeded at 2 × 10⁵ cells/mL on 100 mm culture dishes, and maintained in DMEM containing 10% FBS. The medium was changed every 48 hours until the cells reached confluence. Experiments were performed on cells at passage 3 or 4.

2.4. Measurements of Cell Viability

The cell viability was determined by the conventional 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. In this assay, viable cells convert MTT to insoluble blue formazan crystals via the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. The cells were plated at a density of 1 × 10⁵/well on 6-well plates and maintained in DMEM containing 10% FBS. When the cells were made quiescent at confluence by incubation, the media was changed with serum-free DMEM for 24 hours to arrest cell growth and silence gene activity, followed by treatment with each indicated agent for the indicated time periods. After incubation, the cells were rapidly washed twice with ice-cold PBS and incubated with MTT solution (final concentration, 5 mg/mL) for 4 hours at 37°C. Then, the supernatant was removed and the formazan crystals were dissolved with DMSO. Absorbance was monitored at 570 nm with a microplate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA).

2.5. Preparation of Cell Extracts

When the cells reached confluence, they were serum starved by incubation in serum-free DMEM for 24 hours. The cells were then stimulated with each compound for the indicated time periods or at the indicated concentrations. After incubation, the cells were rapidly washed twice with ice-cold PBS and lysed with ice-cold lysis buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 0.5 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM EGTA, 1% (w/v) Triton X-100, 0.01% (w/v) SDS, 10 g/mL leupeptin, 10 μg/mL aprotinin, 1 mM PMSF, and 0.7 μg/mL β-mercaptoethanol) for 5 minutes. The lysates were scraped with a cell scraper and collected in Eppendorf tubes. They were then sonicated (6 seconds, 3x) and centrifuged to remove cellular debris for 10 minutes with 13,000 rpm at 4°C; the supernatants were collected and stored at −70°C for protein assay and Western blot analysis.

2.6. Protein Determination

The protein concentration of the supernatant in each reaction vial was measured spectrophotometrically using the Bio-Rad assay (Bio-Rad Chemical Division, Richmond, CA, USA). Absorption was monitored at 595 nm.

2.7. Western Blot Analysis

Equal amounts of protein from each sample were subjected to electrophoresis on a 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel and transferred to a NC membrane using the Power Pac 1000 (Bio-Rad, Melville, NY, USA) power supply. To block any nonspecific binding, the NC membrane was incubated in 5% nonfat dry milk or 3% BSA in TBS for 60 minutes followed by three rinses in milk-free TBS. The membranes were with shaking with primary antibodies raised against p-Akt, IL-1β, and IL-8 incubated overnight at 4°C, followed by three washes with TBS containing 0.1% Tween 20. This was followed by 60-minute incubation in horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody. Immunoreactive proteins were detected with ECL agent. Molecular masses were estimated by comparison with a prestained molecular mass marker. The same blots were subsequently stripped with Western blot stripping buffer and reprobed with actin and t-Akt antibodies to confirm the uniformity of protein loading. The results were analyzed by Quantity One analysis software (Bio-Rad Chemical Division, Richmond, CA, USA). The percentage of Akt activation or IL-1β and IL-8 expression was calculated as the ratio of phosphorylated Akt to total Akt or IL-1β and IL-8 to actin.

2.8. Measurements of IL-6 Release from EECs

The cells were cultured in 100 mm culture dishes. All cells were pretreated with each indicated agent for the indicated time. EECs were then stimulated with hydrogen peroxide. The medium was collected, centrifuged, and stored at −70°C until assay. The levels of IL-6 released into the culture medium were quantified using an IL-6 ELISA kit. Assays were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

2.9. Data Analysis

Differences among the groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Student’s -test. Data are expressed as the means ± S.E.M. of 3~6 experiments and differences between groups were considered significant at .

3. Results

3.1. Hydrogen Peroxide Induces the Cytotoxicity Effect in Cultured EECs

MTT assays were performed in cultured EECs to investigate the cytotoxic effect of hydrogen peroxide. The cells were incubated with hydrogen peroxide at the indicated concentration for 24 hours and then cell viability was measured using the MTT assay (Figure 1). The cell viability was decreased by 300 μM hydrogen peroxide in a dose-dependent manner and its decrease was apparent at a higher concentration of H₂O₂. The viability of cells exposed to 600 μM hydrogen peroxide was reduced to 40% when compared to control. The number of cells was decreased after hydrogen peroxide treatment.

3.2. Expression of IL-1β and IL-8 Is Increased after Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment

Serum-starved cells were exposed to 300 μM hydrogen peroxide at the indicated time periods to examine whether hydrogen peroxide induces IL-1β and IL-8 expression in cultured EECs. Then IL-1β and IL-8 expression was measured by Western blot (Figure 2). 300 μM of hydrogen peroxide which made the maximal expression of 5-LOX was used for inflammation induction [33]. Hydrogen peroxide induced the increased expression of IL-1β and IL-8 with a maximal reach at 6 hours. A longer stimulation with hydrogen peroxide reduced the IL-1β and IL-8 expression only slightly.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2

Effect of H₂O₂ on the expression of IL-1β and IL-8 in feline EECs. The time course of cytokines expression in feline EECs. Feline EECs were exposed to 300 μM H₂O₂. (a) Representative Western blot analyses of IL-1β expressed in feline EECs (). Actin expression was used as a loading control for normalization. (b) Representative Western blot analyses of IL-8 expressed in feline EECs (). Actin expression was used as a loading control for normalization. Data are expressed as means ± S.E of three experiments (Student’s t-test; versus control).

3.3. PI3K Subunits Isoforms Are Differentially Expressed in EECs

The expression profile of class I PI3K R and C isoforms in feline EECs was established (Figure 3). The verification of protein expression by Western blot confirmed that p110α, p85α, p85β, and p55γ are indeed predominantly expressed and that p110β, p110γ, and p110δ are weakly expressed when the cells were untreated. After the treatment with 300μM hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours the expression of p110α was significantly increased while the expression of p110β, p110γ, p85α, p85β, and p55γ was little changed only and slightly increased after the treatment with hydrogen peroxide.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3

Comparison of PI3K isoforms expressions in feline EECs after treatment with H₂O₂. (a) Representative () Western blot analyses of the expression of the known class PI3K C (p110α, p110β, p110γ, and p110δ) and R (p85α, p85β, and p55γ) isoforms, using isoform-specific antibodies. Feline EECs were exposed to 300 μM H₂O₂ for 6 hours. Actin expression was used as a loading control for normalization. (b) The Western blot bands were quantified in order to establish the relative expression levels for each analyzed isoform. Data are expressed as means ± S.E of three experiments (Student’s t-test; versus control).

3.4. PIK-75 Causes Little Change in the Cell Viability and the Morphology of EECs after Hydrogen Peroxide Stimulation

MTT assay had been performed and the morphology of EECs was observed to identify the cell viability and the morphologic changes after the treatment of PIK-75 (Figure 4). Feline EECs were pretreated with PIK-75 at the indicated concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 μM) for 1 hour and treated with 300 μM hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours. Treatment with PIK-75 for 1 hour did not cause strong changes of cell viability and morphology in EECs.

(a)

(b)

3.5. Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Phosphorylation of Akt Is Reduced by PIK-75 Treatment

Akt as a major downstream effector of PI3K was examined to determine the effect of PIK-75-mediated PI3K inhibition on downstream signaling events (Figure 5). The cells were treated with 300 μM H₂O₂ for 30 minutes to investigate the phosphorylation of Akt. The Western blot analysis of the lysates from H₂O₂-stimulated EECs showed a prominent upregulation in the phosphorylation status of Akt compared with lysates from naïve cells. More importantly, the pretreatment of EECs with PIK-75 inhibited the H₂O₂-induced phosphorylation of Akt. PIK-75 inhibited p-Akt activation in a dose-dependent manner.

3.6. Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced IL-1β Expression Is Decreased by PIK-75 Treatment

The cells were pretreated with PIK-75 at the indicated concentrations and exposed to 300 μM hydrogen peroxide and then IL-1β expression was measured by Western blot to examine whether PIK-75 downregulates IL-1β expression in cultured EECs (Figure 6). The expression of IL-1β was upregulated when treated with 300 μM hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours. The cells were pretreated with different doses of PIK-75 (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 μM) for 1 hour to examine the effect of PIK-75 on H₂O₂-induced IL-1β expression. PIK-75 inhibited the IL-1β expression in a dose-dependent manner.

3.7. Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced IL-8 Expression Is Decreased by PIK-75 Treatment

The cells were pretreated with PIK-75 at the indicated concentrations and exposed to 300 μM hydrogen peroxide, and then IL-8 expression was measured by Western blot to examine whether PIK-75 downregulates IL-8 expression in cultured EECs (Figure 7). The expression of IL-8 was upregulated when treated with 300 μM hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours. The cells were pretreated with different doses of PIK-75 (0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 μM) for 1 hour to examine the effect of PIK-75 on H₂O₂-induced IL-8 expression.PIK-75 inhibited the IL-8 expression in a dose-dependent manner.

3.8. Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced IL-6 Release Is Reduced by PIK-75 Treatment

The inhibitory effect of PIK-75 in the hydrogen peroxide-induced IL-6 release was determined using IL-6 ELISA kit (Figure 8). The data showed that the treatment of cultured EECs with hydrogen peroxide caused a significant increase in the IL-6 production. However, the IL-6 production level was reduced in a dose-dependent manner when the EECs were treated with PIK-75.

4. Discussion

PI3K is an important regulator of inflammations and its isoforms have been studied as therapeutic targets [34]. It seems to be related with esophageal diseases such as Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal cancer [7, 35]. In this study, we investigated the expression of PI3K isoforms in feline EECs and their role in the mediation of esophageal inflammations.

In the present study, hydrogen peroxide, as one type of ROS that is elevated in GERD, exhibited significant cytotoxicity and decreased the cell viability in EECs. This cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide seemed to be related with its ability to induce IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-6, suggesting a role for classic stress signaling pathways during esophagitis and GERD [36–38]. It is consistent with the effect of hydrogen peroxide in the esophagus, inducing IL-1β and IL-6 [39].

In this study, p110α isoform was the mostly predominant PI3K isoform in EECs when it came to the inflammatory responses induced by hydrogen peroxide. p110α showed the biggest expression difference when hydrogen peroxide was added. Although the expression of p85α, p85β, and p55γ was at high level in normal condition, it was not significantly changed after the treatment with hydrogen peroxide. For those reasons, we assume p110α may play an essential role in esophageal inflammation. This result is consistent in the distribution of human intestinal epithelial crypt (HIEC) cells meaning that p110α is a predominant PI3K isoform [40].

In this study, PIK-75 was used as a preferential p110α PI3K inhibitor [41] to confirm the role of p110α in esophageal epithelial inflammation. PIK-75 has been studied and showed its efficacy in many different cells. For instance, it regulates the secretion of intestinal peptide neurotensin in the small bowel [42]. Furthermore, the delivery system of PIK-75 was investigated due to an increasing interest in PIK-75 [43, 44].

The inhibition of p110α was confirmed due to an expression examination of p-Akt because p110α-positive cases were also positive for p-Akt [45]. The expression of p-Akt was decreased depending on the concentration of PIK-75 if p-Akt was treated with hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, PIK-75 downregulated the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 as proinflammatory cytokines when the cells were cotreated with hydrogen peroxide, while the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 was increased when it was only treated with hydrogen peroxide.

The IL-8 expression was increased as an esophagitis inducer in human EECs if it was treated with bile acids [46]. Patients with reflux esophagitis have high levels of IL-8 and IL-1β and patients with adenocarcinoma show markedly elevated levels of IL-8 and IL-1β [47]. The expression of IL-6 and IL-8 is elevated in the esophageal mucosa of patients with GERD [48]. For those reasons, it is important that PIK-75 decreases the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in feline EECs.

Furthermore, the requirement for PI3K/Akt in the induction of IL-6 genes in response to IL-1β is revealed [49, 50]. Therefore, an upregulation of IL-1β may enhance the PI3K pathway mediating inflammation.

The present study data indicate an engagement of p110α in the inflammation suppression in EECs as well as a role as an important mediator in the signaling cascade that leads to an initiation of the inflammatory response.

Although PI3K is a good target for the development of anti-inflammation drugs, PI3K inhibitors have some limitations. PI3K inhibitors are associated with toxicities resulting from off-target effects that cannot not be fully explained yet [51]. Targeting a single isoform would have fewer side effects and avoid the toxicity in immune system. However, it remains a challenge to identify the optimal concentration and exposure time for therapeutic uses and a more specific signaling in EECs. Furthermore, full investigation of the expression and the roles of PI3K isoforms in many different cells could prevent side effects when inhibitors are used as drugs.

As a result of this study we found that hydrogen peroxide, which is highly expressed in esophagitis, activates PI3K signaling and that p110α plays an important role in esophageal inflammation. By hydrogen peroxide increased proinflammatory cytokines were reduced by the treatment of PIK-75, a p110α inhibitor. Therefore, these data suggest that PIK-75 has an anti-inflammatory effect in feline EECs.

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgment

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (no. 2011-0012139).

References

A. Toker and S. Marmiroli, “Signaling specificity in the Akt pathway in biology and disease,” Advances in Biological Regulation, vol. 55, pp. 28–38, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. A. Engelman, J. Luo, and L. C. Cantley, “The evolution of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases as regulators of growth and metabolism,” Nature Reviews Genetics, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 606–619, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Vanhaesebroeck, S. J. Leevers, K. Ahmadi et al., “Synthesis and function of 3-phosphorylated inositol lipids,” Annual Review of Biochemistry, vol. 70, pp. 535–602, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Osaki, M. Oshimura, and H. Ito, “PI3K-Akt pathway: its functions and alterations in human cancer,” Apoptosis, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 667–676, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Iizuka and S. Konno, “Wound healing of intestinal epithelial cells,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 17, no. 17, pp. 2161–2171, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. L. Yuan and L. C. Cantley, “PI3K pathway alterations in cancer: variations on a theme,” Oncogene, vol. 27, no. 41, pp. 5497–5510, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Samuels, Z. Wang, A. Bardelli et al., “High frequency of mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers,” Science, vol. 304, no. 5670, p. 554, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Fougerat, S. Gayral, N. Malet, F. Briand-Mesange, M. Breton-Douillon, and M. Laffargue, “Phosphoinositide 3-kinases and their role in inflammation: potential clinical targets in atherosclerosis?” Clinical Science, vol. 116, no. 11-12, pp. 791–804, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Denley, S. Kang, U. Karst, and P. K. Vogt, “Oncogenic signaling of class I PI3K isoforms,” Oncogene, vol. 27, no. 18, pp. 2561–2574, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Ghigo, F. Damilano, L. Braccini, and E. Hirsch, “PI3K inhibition in inflammation: toward tailored therapies for specific diseases,” BioEssays, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 185–196, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Rasul, M. Khan, B. Yu et al., “Isoalantolactone, a sesquiterpene lactone, induces apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells via mitochondrial and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathways,” Archives of Pharmacal Research, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1262–1269, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Vanhaesebroeck, S. J. Leevers, G. Panayotou, and M. D. Waterfield, “Phosphoinositide 3-kinases: a conserved family of signal transducers,” Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 267–272, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. E. Rameh and L. C. Cantley, “The role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase lipid products in cell function,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 274, no. 13, pp. 8347–8350, 1999.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Duronio, “The life of a cell: apoptosis regulation by the PI3K/PKB pathway,” The Biochemical Journal, vol. 415, no. 3, pp. 333–344, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. F. Franke, “PI3K/Akt: getting it right matters,” Oncogene, vol. 27, no. 50, pp. 6473–6488, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Zhao and P. K. Vogt, “Class I PI3K in oncogenic cellular transformation,” Oncogene, vol. 27, no. 41, pp. 5486–5496, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. A. Engelman, “Targeting PI3K signalling in cancer: opportunities, challenges and limitations,” Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 550–562, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Blajecka, A. Borgström, and A. Arcaro, “Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase isoforms as novel drug targets,” Current Drug Targets, vol. 12, no. 7, pp. 1056–1081, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Janku, J. J. Wheler, S. N. Westin et al., “PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in patients with breast and gynecologic malignancies harboring PIK3CA mutations,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 30, no. 8, pp. 777–782, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. D. Courtney, R. B. Corcoran, and J. A. Engelman, “The PI3K pathway as drug target in human cancer,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1075–1083, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. J. Harris, J. G. Foster, and S. G. Ward, “PI3K isoforms as drug targets in inflammatory diseases: lessons from pharmacological and genetic strategies,” Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs, vol. 10, no. 11, pp. 1151–1162, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
D. C. Baumgart and W. J. Sandborn, “Inflammatory bowel disease: clinical aspects and established and evolving therapies,” The Lancet, vol. 369, no. 9573, pp. 1641–1657, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Babu, D. Thapa, J. S. Lee et al., “Inhibitory effects of an aqueous extract of Cornus kousa Burg. Leaves on TNF-α-induced chemokine expression and monocyte adhesion to human colonic epithelial cells,” Archives of Pharmacal Research, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 91–98, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. H. Choi, Y. L. Su, and B. P. Won, “Mistletoe lectin induces apoptosis and telomerase inhibition in human A253 cancer cells through dephosphorylation of Akt,” Archives of Pharmacal Research, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 68–76, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Yoshida and T. Yoshikawa, “Defense mechanism of the esophageal mucosa and esophageal inflammation,” Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 38, supplement 15, pp. 31–34, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Yoshida, K. Uchiyama, M. Kuroda et al., “Interleukin-8 expression in the esophageal mucosa of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease,” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 39, no. 9, pp. 816–822, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Isomoto, A. Wang, Y. Mizuta et al., “Elevated levels of chemokines in esophageal mucosa of patients with reflux esophagitis,” The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 98, no. 3, pp. 551–556, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Fischer, M. Wiesnet, D. Renz, and W. Schaper, “H₂O₂ induces paracellular permeability of porcine brain-derived microvascular endothelial cells by activation of the p44/42 MAP kinase pathway,” European Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 84, no. 7, pp. 687–697, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Olyaee, S. Sontag, W. Salman et al., “Mucosal reactive oxygen species production in oesophagitis and Barrett's oesophagus,” Gut, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 168–173, 1995.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Rieder, P. Biancani, K. Harnett, L. Yerian, and G. W. Falk, “Inflammatory mediators in gastroesophageal reflux disease: impact on esophageal motility, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis,” The American Journal of Physiology—Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, vol. 298, no. 5, pp. G571–G581, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Cao, K. M. Harnett, L. Cheng, M. T. Kirber, J. Behar, and P. Biancani, “H₂O₂: a mediator of esophagitis-induced damage to calcium-release mechanisms in cat lower esophageal sphincter,” American Journal of Physiology—Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, vol. 288, no. 6, pp. G1170–G1178, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Zheng, S. I. Amran, P. E. Thompson, and I. G. Jennings, “Isoform-selective inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase: identification of a new region of nonconserved amino acids critical for p110α inhibition,” Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 80, no. 4, pp. 657–664, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. C. Lim, S. Y. Park, Y. Nam, T. T. Nguyen, and U. D. Sohn, “The protective effect of eupatilin against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury involving 5-lipoxygenase in feline esophageal epithelial cells,” Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 313–320, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Braccini, E. Ciraolo, M. Martini et al., “PI3K keeps the balance between metabolism and cancer,” Advances in Biological Regulation, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 389–405, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Pal, M. Fulciniti, P. Nanjappa et al., “Targeting PI3K and RAD51 in Barrett's adenocarcinoma: impact on DNA damage checkpoints, expression profile and tumor growth,” Cancer Genomics & Proteomics, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 55–66, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Isomoto, Y. Nishi, Y. Kanazawa et al., “Immune and inflammatory responses in GERD and lansoprazole,” Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 84–91, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. A. Dinarello and R. C. Thompson, “Blocking IL-1: interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in vivo and in vitro,” Immunology Today, vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 404–410, 1991.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Rieder, L. Cheng, K. M. Harnett et al., “Gastroesophageal reflux disease-associated esophagitis induces endogenous cytokine production leading to motor abnormalities,” Gastroenterology, vol. 132, no. 1, pp. 154–165, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Cao, L. Cheng, J. Behar, C. Fiocchi, P. Biancani, and K. M. Harnett, “Proinflammatory cytokines alter/reduce esophageal circular muscle contraction in experimental cat esophagitis,” American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, vol. 287, no. 6, pp. G1131–G1139, 2004.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Beauséjour, D. Noël, S. Thibodeau et al., “Integrin/Fak/Src-mediated regulation of cell survival and anoikis in human intestinal epithelial crypt cells: selective engagement and roles of PI3-K isoform complexes,” Apoptosis, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 566–578, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. A. Knight, B. Gonzalez, M. E. Feldman et al., “A pharmacological map of the PI3-K family defines a role for p110alpha in insulin signaling,” Cell, vol. 125, no. 4, pp. 733–747, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Li, J. Song, M. G. Cassidy et al., “Pi3K p110α/Akt signaling negatively regulates secretion of the intestinal peptide neurotensin through interference of granule transport,” Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1380–1393, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Talekar, S. Ganta, M. Amiji et al., “Development of PIK-75 nanosuspension formulation with enhanced delivery efficiency and cytotoxicity for targeted anti-cancer therapy,” International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 450, no. 1-2, pp. 278–289, 2013.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Talekar, J. Kendall, W. Denny, S. Jamieson, and S. Garg, “Development and evaluation of PIK75 nanosuspension, a phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor,” European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 824–833, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Carvalho, F. Milanezi, J. L. Costa, I. Amendoeira, and F. Schmitt, “PIKing the right isoform: the emergent role of the p110β subunit in breast cancer,” Virchows Archiv, vol. 456, no. 3, pp. 235–243, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Yoshida, E. Imamoto, K. Uchiyama et al., “Molecular mechanisms involved in interleukin-8 production by normal human oesophageal epithelial cells,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 219–226, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. M. O'Riordan, M. M. Abdel-Latif, N. Ravi et al., “Proinflammatory cytokine and nuclear factor kappa-B expression along the inflammation-metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence in the esophagus,” The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 100, no. 6, pp. 1257–1264, 2005.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Yoshida, “Inflammation and oxidative stress in gastroesophageal reflux disease,” Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 13–23, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Eda, B. L. Burnette, H. Shimada, H. R. Hope, and J. B. Monahan, “Interleukin-1β-induced interleukin-6 production in A549 cells is mediated by both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4,” Cell Biology International, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 355–358, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. M. Cahill and J. T. Rogers, “Interleukin (IL) 1β induction of IL-6 is mediated by a novel phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent AKT/IκB kinase α pathway targeting activator protein-1,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 283, no. 38, pp. 25900–25912, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. I. Gharbi, M. J. Zvelebil, S. J. Shuhleworth et al., “Exploring the specificity of the PI3K family inhibitor LY294002,” The Biochemical Journal, vol. 404, no. 1, pp. 15–21, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2014 Jun Yeong Jeong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

1213

Downloads

870

Citations