Interferons and Interferon Regulatory Factors in Malaria

Table 3

Association of TLRs and adaptor molecules gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to malaria or pathology in human.

TLRs/; adaptors	SNPs	Association	Region	Ref.
TLR1	S248N; rs4833095	Placental malaria and anemia	Ghana	[113]
	I602S	Susceptibility to malaria infection	Amazon	[114]
TLR2	Δ22	No association with serum cytokines (TNF, IFN-𝛾, IL-1𝛽, IL-6, IL-10) levels	Uganda	[115]
		Susceptibility to cerebral malaria
	GT𝑛	No association with serum cytokines (TNF, IFN-𝛾, IL-1𝛽, IL-6, IL-10) levels
		No association with cerebral malaria
TLR4	D299G; rs4986790	No association with susceptibility to malaria infection	Burundi, Amazon, Ghana, Iran	[114, 116–118]
		No association with risk of placental malaria	Ghana	[118]
		Maternal anemia
		Severe malaria		[119]
	T399I	No association with mild malaria	Iran	[116]
		Severe malaria	Ghana	[119]
TLR6	S249P	Susceptibility to mild malaria	Amazon	[114]
TLR9	G1174A; rs352139	No association with susceptibility to malaria infection	Burundi	[117]
		Susceptibility to mild malaria	Ghana	[120]
		Level of parasitemia
		No association with serum TNF𝛼 level	Uganda	[121]
		No association with serum IFN-𝛾 level in mild malaria children
		Level of serum IFN-𝛾 level in CM children
	T1237C; rs5743836	No association with susceptibility to malaria infection	Ghana, Iran	[116, 118, 120]
		No association with disease severity	Ghana	[119]
		No association with placental malaria		[118]
		Susceptibility to malaria infection	Burundi	[117]
		Level of parasitemia	Amazon, Ghana	[114, 120]
		No association with serum TNF𝛼 level	Uganda	[121]
		No association with serum IFN-𝛾 level in mild malaria children
		Level of serum IFN-𝛾 level in CM children
	T1486C; rs187084	No association with susceptibility to malaria infection	Burundi, Ghana, Iran	[116–118, 120]
		No association with disease severity	Ghana	[119]
		No association with placental malaria		[118]
		No association with level of parasitemia		[120]
		Level of parasitemia	Amazon	[114]
	G2848A; rs352140	No association with level of parasitemia	Ghana	[120]
		Susceptibility to mild malaria infection
TIRAP	S180L; rs8177374	No association with susceptibility to malaria or severity of infection	Burundi, Amazon	[114, 117]
		Mild malaria and severe malaria	Gambia,; Vietnam, Kenya	[122]
		Mild malaria	Iran	[116]

CM: cerebral malaria; Δ22: 22 base pair deletion in the first untranslated exon; GT_𝑛: GT dinucleotide repeat in the second intron; mild malaria: patients suffer fever with temperature greater than or equal to 38°C, malaise, muscular pain, headache, and parasite load greater than or equal to 5000 parasite/ul of blood; severe malaria: patients who suffer anaemia, prostration, respiratory distress, convulsions, and/or impaired consciousness; cerebral malaria (CM): patients who experience coma with P. falciparum on blood smear and have no other cause for coma.