Tumour Necrosis Factor Superfamily Members in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Table 2

Biological effects of TNF exerted on intestinal epithelium.

TNF function	Model	References
(1) Rearrangement of cytoskeletal elements
(i) Downregulation of zonula occludens-1 expression and alteration of its intracellular localization	(i) Caco-2 cells (in vitro); (ii) HT29-C1.16E cells (in vitro)	[63, 64]
(ii) Upregulation of myosin light chain kinase expression	(i) Caco-2 cells (in vitro); (ii) Mouse model (in vivo)	[65, 70]
(iii) Redistribution of zonula occludens-1, occludins, claudins, E-cadherins, and myosin light chain kinase to basolateral membranes of intestinal cells	Mouse model (in vivo)	[71]
(2) Induction of intestinal epithelial cells’ apoptosis
(i) Induction of intestinal cells’ apoptosis via activation of caspase-3	Mouse model (in vivo)	[71]
(ii) Induction of intestinal epithelial cells’ apoptosis via upregulation of iNOS and p53	Mouse model (in vivo)	[44, 72]